英语词汇术语 名词解释.docx
- 文档编号:12174164
- 上传时间:2023-04-17
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:19
- 大小:25.40KB
英语词汇术语 名词解释.docx
《英语词汇术语 名词解释.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语词汇术语 名词解释.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语词汇术语名词解释
第二部分名词解释
1.Englishlexicology
EnglishLexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguageinrespecttowordsandwordequivalents。
2.word
Awordmaybedefinedasafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction。
3.vocabulary
Allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasitsvocabulary.
4.nativewords
WordsofAnglo—SaxonoriginorofOldEnglisharecallednativewords。
5.loanwords
Wordsborrowedfromotherlanguagesarecalledloanwords。
Theyarealsocalledforeignwordsandborrowedwords.
monwords
Commonwordsarealsocalledpopularwords。
Theyarewordsconnectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife。
Commonwordsareneutralinstyle.
7.literarywords
Literarywordsarewordschieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Literarywordsareformalinstyle.
8.archaicwords
Archaicwordsarewordsnolongerincommonuse,althoughretainedforspecialpurpose.
9.poeticalwords
Poeticalwordsarewordsthataretraditionallyusedonlyinpoetry。
10.colloquialwords
ColloquialwordsarewordsorexpressionsmainlyusedinspokenEnglishandinformalwritings。
11.slangwords
Slangwordsarelanguage,wordsorphrasesofavigorous,colorful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,oruses,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabulary.
12.technicalwords
Technicalwordsarewordsusedinvariousspecialfields。
13.functionwords
Functionwordsareusuallyshortwordssuchasdeterminers,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesandsoforth,whichservegrammaticallythananythingelse。
14.contentwords
Contentwordsarewordswhichareusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning。
15.basicwordstock
Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage。
Thesewordshavefourobviouscharacteristics:
nationalcharacter,stability,word—formingabilityandabilitytoformcollocations。
Theyarewordswhicharemostfrequentlyusedandwhichareessentialtotheconstructionofsentencesandtolife.
16.neologism
Neologismsarenewwordsornewmeaningsforestablishedwords.
17.obsoletewords
Obsoletewordsarewordscompletelyoutofcurrentuse。
18.morpheme
Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms。
19.allomorph
Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.
20.freemorpheme
Afreemorphemeisonewhichcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning。
Itcanexistonitsownwithoutaboundmorpheme.Afreemorphemeisaword,inthetraditionalsense.
21.boundmorpheme
Aboundmorphemeisonewhichcannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.
22.root
Arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword。
23.freeroot
Freerootsarefreemorphemes。
Theybelongtothebasicword-stockandprovidetheEnglishlanguagewithabasisfortheformationofnewwords。
24.boundroot
Boundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot。
Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords。
Theywereoncewords,yetinModernEnglishtheyarenotwords.Theycannotexitontheirown.Norcantheybeusedtoformnewwords.
25.affix
Affixisa“collectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme。
”Theyareconsideredboundmorphemes。
26.inflectionalaffix
Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicatesuchgrammaticalrelationshipsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegreeareinflectionalaffixes。
27.derivationalaffix
Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords。
28.prefix
Inderivation,theaffixaddedbeforethebaseiscalledprefix。
29.suffix
Inderivation,theaffixaddedafterthebaseiscalledsuffix。
30.hybrid
Ahybridisawordmadeupofelementsfromtwoormoredifferentlanguages。
31.simpleword
Asimplewordisawordconsistingofonefreeroot(oronemorpheme)。
32.word-formationrules
Word—formationrulesaretheruleswhichdefinethescopeandmethodswherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreatenewwords。
33.stem
Astemisthepartoftheword—formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.
34.base
Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded;itmayalsobedefinedas“aformtowhicharuleofword—formationisapplied”。
pounding
Compoundingorcompositionisawordformationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewword。
36。
compound
Wordsformedthroughcompoundingarecalledcompounds。
36.stringcompound
Whenthefirstelementofanouncompoundisitselfacompound,suchacompoundiscalledastringcompound.
37.derivation
Derivationoraffixationisaprocessofformingnewwordsbyadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningformtoanalreadyexistingword。
biningform
Acombiningformisaboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.
39.prefixation
Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase。
40。
suffixation
Suffixationistheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothebase,andusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.
41.differentiatingsuffixes
Differentiatingsuffixesarethosesuffixeswhichconveysubtlenuancesofmeaning。
42。
conversion
Conversionisaword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.
43。
functionalshift
Sinceinconversionthewordsdonotchangeinmorphologicalstructurebutinfunction,conversioniscalledbysomelinguists“functionalshift".
44。
derivationbyzerosuffix
Sincetherelationshipbetweenabaseofoneword—classandacorrespondingderivedwordofanotherbysuffixationisparalleltoashiftofthesamebasefromoneword—classtoanotherwithoutsuffixation,conversioniscalledbysomelinguists“derivationbyzerosuffix”。
45.partialconversion
Someadjectivesareusedasnounswhenprecededbythedefinitearticle,yettheseconvertednounstakeononlysomeofthefeaturesofthenoun。
Therefore,suchadjective→nounconversionispartialconversion。
46.acronymy
Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.
47。
initialism
Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstletterofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter。
48。
acronym
Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc。
Acronymsarepronouncedaswords.
49.clipping
Clippingisaprocessofformingnewwordsbythedeletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.
50。
blending
Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms。
51。
portmanteauword
Theresultofblendingiscalledablend,orportmanteauword。
52。
back—formation
Back—formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.
53。
reduplication
Reduplicationisaminortypeofword—formationbywhichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition
(1)ofoneword;
(2)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeinthevowels;(3)oftwoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitialconsonants.
54。
wordsfrompropernames
Theyrefertowordswhichcomefromsuchpropernounsasnamesofpeople,namesofplaces,namesofbooksandtradenames.
55.neoclassicalformation
NeoclassicalformationdenotestheprocessbywhichnewwordsareformedfromelementsderivedfromLatinandGreek。
56。
conventionality
MostEnglishwordsareconventional,arbitrarysymbols;consequently,thereisnointrinsicrelationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.Thereisnowaytoexplainwhythisorthatsound—symbolhasthisorthatmeaningbeyondthefactthatthepeopleofagivencommunityhaveagreedtouseonetodesignatetheother.Sucharelationshipbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaningiscalledconventionality.
57。
motivation
Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenwordsymbolanditssense。
58。
phoneticmotivation
InmodernEnglish,somewordshavesoundsthatsuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingnaturalsoundsornoise。
Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning。
Suchakindofconnectionbetweenthewordsymbolanditssenseiscalledphoneticmotivation。
59。
morphologicalmotivation
Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofsomearethesumofthemorphemescombined。
Ifoneknowsthemeaningofeachmorpheme,onecanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.Suchakindofconnectionbetweenthewordsymbolanditssenseiscalledmorphologicalmotivation。
60。
semanticmotivation
Semanticmotivationrefersto
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语词汇术语 名词解释 英语词汇 术语