英文短语动词.docx
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英文短语动词.docx
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英文短语动词
Phrasalverbs
362Introduction
AInmodernEnglishitisveryusualtoplaceprepositionsoradverbsaftercertainverbssoastoobtainavarietyofmeanings:
giveaway=givetosomeone/anyone
giveup=abandon(ahabitorattempt)
lookafter=takecareof
lookfor=searchfor,seek
lookout=beware
lookforistransitive:
Iamlookingformypassport.
lookoutisintransitive:
Lookout!
Thisiceisn'tsafe!
Eachofthecombinationsgiveninthefollowingpageswillbemarked'tr'(=transitive)or'intr'(=intransitive),andtheexamplesoftheuseofeachwillhelptoemphasizethisdistinction.
Notethatitispossibleforacombinationtohavetwoormoredifferentmeanings,andtobetransitiveinone/someoftheseandintransitiveinothers.
Forexample,takeoffcanmean'remove'.Itisthenatransitiveexpression:
Hetookoffhishat.
takeoffcanalsomean'risefromtheground'(usedofaircraft).Hereitisintransitive:
Theplanetookoffatteno'clock.
BTransitiveexpressions:
thepositionoftheobject
Nounobjectsareusuallyplacedattheendoftheseexpressions:
/amlookingformyglasses.
Withsomeexpressions,however,theycanbeplacedeitherattheendorimmediatelyaftertheverb,i.e.beforetheshortword.Wecansay:
HetookoffhiscoatorHetookhiscoatoff.Pronounobjectsaresometimesplacedattheendoftheexpression:
/amlookingforthem.Buttheyaremoreoftenplacedimmediatelyaftertheverb:
Hetookitoff.
Thispositionisusualbeforethefollowingshortwords:
up,down,in,out,away,offandon(exceptwhenusedintheexpressioncallon=visit).
Examplesgivenoftheuseofeachexpressionwillshowallpossiblepositionsofnounorpronounobjectsinthefollowingway:
I'llgivethisoldcoataway,(giveawaythisoldcoat/giveitaway)i.e.withthisexpressionthenounobjectcancomebeforeoraftertheaway;thepronounobjectmustcomebeforetheaway.Whenonlyoneexampleisgiventhestudentmayassumethatthepronounobjecthasthesamepositionasthenounobject.
CWhentheseexpressionsarefollowedbyaverbobjectthegerundformoftheverbisused:
Hekeptonblowinghishorn.
Wheregerundsareusualthiswillbeshownbyexamples.Notethatsomeexpressionscanbefollowedbyaninfinitive:
Itisuptoyoutodecidethisforyourself.
Someoftheyoungermemberscalledontheministertoresign.
Thelecturersetouttoshowthatmostillnesseswereavoidable.
gooncanbefollowedbyeitherinfinitiveorgerundbutthereisaconsiderabledifferenceinmeaning.See270A.
363Verb+preposition/adverbcombinationsaccount
accountfor(tr)=giveagoodreasonfor,explainsatisfactorily(some
actionorexpenditure):
Atreasurermustaccountforthemoneyhespends.Hehasbehavedinthemostextraordinaryway;
Ican'taccountforhisactionsatall.
Ican'taccountforhisbehavinglikethat.
allow
allowfor(tr)=makeprovisioninadvancefor,takeintoaccount(usuallysomeadditionalrequirement,expenditure,delayetc.):
Itis800kilometersandIdriveat100k.p.h.,soI'llbethereineight
hours.~Butyou11havetoallowfordelaysgoingthroughtowns
andforstopsforrefuelling.
Allowingfordepreciationyourcarshouldbeworth£2,000thistime
nextyear.
answer
answerback(intr),answersomebodyback=answerareproofimpudently:
FATHER:
Whywereyousolatelastnight?
Youweren'tintill2a.m.
SON:
Youshouldhavebeenasleep.
FATHER:
Don'tanswermeback.Answermyquestion.
ask
askafter/forsomebody=askfornewsof:
/metTomattheparty;heaskedafteryou.(askedhowyouwere/howyouweregettingon)
askfor
(a)=asktospeakto:
Gototheofficeandaskformysecretary.
(b)=request,demand:
Themenaskedformorepayandshorterhours.asksomeonein(objectbeforein)=invitehimtoenterthehouse:
Hedidn'taskmein;hekeptmestandingatthedoorwhileheread
themessage.
asksomeoneout(objectbeforeout)=invitesomeonetoanentertainmentortoameal(usuallyinapublicplace):
Shehadalotoffriendsandwasusuallyaskedoutintheevenings,
sosheseldomspentaneveningathome.
back
backaway(intr)=stepormovebackslowly(becauseconfrontedbysomedangerorunpleasantness):
Whenhetookagunouteveryonebackedawaynervously.
backout(intr)=withdraw(fromsomejointactionpreviouslyagreedon),discontinueorrefusetoprovidepreviouslypromisedhelporsupport:
Heagreedtohelpbutbackedoutwhenhefoundhowdifficultitwas.
backsomebodyup=supportmorallyorverbally:
Theheadmasterneverbackeduphisstaff,(backedthemup)Ifa
parentcomplainedaboutateacherheassumedthattheteacherwasin
thewrong.be
beagainst(tr)=beopposedto(oftenusedwithgerund):
I'mfordoingnothingtillthepolicearrive./I'magainstdoing
anythingtillthepolicearrive.
beaway(intr)=beawayfromhome/thisplaceforatleastanight.
beback(intr)=havereturnedafteralongorshortabsence:
/wanttoseeMrsPitt.Isshein?
~
No,I'mafraidshe'soutatthemomentor
No,I'mafraidshe'sawayfortheweekend.~
Whenwillshebeback?
~
She'llbebackinhalfanhour/nextweek.
befor(tr)=beinfavourof(oftenusedwithgerund).bein(intr)=beathome/inthisbulding.
beinfor(tr)=beabouttoencounter(usuallysomethingunpleasant):
Didyoulistentotheweatherforecast?
I'mafraidwe'reinfora
bumpyflight.
Ifyouthinkthattheworkisgoingtobeeasyyou'reinforashock.
beover(intr)=befinished:
Thestormisovernow;wecangoon.
beout(intr)=beawayfromhome/fromthisbuildingforashorttime-notovernight.beup(intr)=beoutofbed:
Don'texpecthertoanswerthedoorbellateighto'clockonSunday
morning.Shewon'tbeup.
beupto(tr)=bephysicallyorintellectuallystrongenough(toperformacertainaction).Theobjectisusuallyit,thoughagerundispossible:
AfterhisillnesstheMinistercontinuedinofficethoughhewasno
longeruptothework/uptodoingthework.
beuptosomething/somemischief/sometrick/nogood=beoccupiedorbusywithsomemischievousact:
Don'ttrusthim;heisuptosomething/sometrick.
Theboysareveryquiet.Iwonderwhattheyareupto.
Notethattheobjectofuptohereisalwayssomeveryindefiniteexpressionsuchasthesegivenabove.Itisneverusedwithaparticularaction.
itisuptosomeone(oftenfollowedbyaninfinitive)=itishisresponsibilityorduty:
Itisuptothegovernmenttotakeactiononviolence.
IhavehelpedyouasmuchasIcan.Nowitisuptoyou.(Youmust
continuebyyourownefforts.)
bear
bearout(tr)=confirm:
Thisreportbearsoutmytheory,(bearsmytheoryout/bearsitout)
bearup(intr)=supportbadnewsbravely,hidefeelingsofgrief:
Thenewsofherdeathwasagreatshocktohimbutheboreupbravelyandnoneofusrealizedhowmuchhefeltit.
blow
blowout(tr)=extinguish(aflame)byblowing:
Thewindblewoutthecandle,(blewthecandleout/blewitout)
blowup(trorintr)
(a)=destroybyexplosion,explode,bedestroyed:
Theyblewupthebridgessothattheenemycouldn'tfollowthem,(blewthebridgesup/blewthemup)Justaswegottothebridgeitblewup.
(b)=fillwithair,inflate,pumpup:
Thechildrenblewuptheirballoonsandthrewthemintotheair.
(blewtheballoonsup/blewthemup)
boil
boilaway(intr)=beboileduntilall(theliquid)hasevaporated:
Iputthekettleonthegasringandthenwentawayandforgotaboutit.
WhenIreturned,thewaterhadallboiledawayandtheflamehadburntaholeinthekettle.
boilover(intr)=toriseandflowoverthesidesofthecontainer(used
onlyofhotliquids):
Themilkboiledoverandtherewasahorriblesmellofburning.
break
breakdownfigures=takeatotalandsub-divideitundervariousheadingssoastogiveadditionalinformation:
Yousaythat10,000peopleusethislibrary.Couldyoubreakthat
downintoage-groups?
(sayhowmanyoftheseareunder25,over
50etc.)
breakdownadooretc.=causetocollapsebyusingforce:
Thefiremenhadtobreakdownthedoortogetintotheburning
house,(breakthedoordown/breakitdown)
breakdown(intr)=collapse,ceasetofunctionproperly,owingtosomefaultorweakness:
(a)Usedofpeople,itnormallyimpliesatemporaryemotionalcollapse:
Hebrokedownwhentellingmeabouthisson'stragicdeath.(Hewasovercomebyhissorrow;hewept.)
(b)Itcanexpresscollapseofmentalresistance:
Atfirstherefusedtoadmithisguiltbutwhenhewasshowntheevidencehebrokedownandconfessed.
(c)Whenusedofhealthitimpliesaseriousphysicalcollapse:
Afteryearsofoverworkhishealthbrokedownandhehadtoretire.
(d)Itisveryoftenusedofmachines:
Thecarbrokedownwhenweweredrivingthroughthedesertandittookustwodaystorepairit.
(e)Itcanbeusedofnegotiations:
Thenegotiationsbrokedown(werediscontinued)becauseneithersidewouldcompromise.
breakin(intr),
breakinto(tr)
(a)=enterbyforce:
Thievesbrokeinandstolethesilver.
Thehousewasbrokenintowhentheownerwasonholiday.
(b)=interruptsomeonebysomesuddenremark:
/wastellingthemaboutmytravelswhenhebrokeinwithastoryof
hisown.breakin(ayounghorse/ponyetc.)(tr)=trainhimforuse:
Youcannotrideordriveahorsesafelybeforehehasbeenbrokenin.
breakoff(trorintr)=detachorbecomedetached:
Hetookabarofchocolateandbrokeoffabit.(brokeabitoff/broke
itoff)
Apieceofrockbrokeoffandfellintothepoolatthefootofthecliff.
breakoff(tr)=terminate(usedofagreementsornegotiations):
AnnhasbrokenoffherengagementtoTom.(brokenher
engagement
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