语言学论文 作者 朱军宏.docx
- 文档编号:12026321
- 上传时间:2023-04-16
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:22.97KB
语言学论文 作者 朱军宏.docx
《语言学论文 作者 朱军宏.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学论文 作者 朱军宏.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
语言学论文作者朱军宏
成绩
评卷人
姓名
朱军宏
学号
2010111464
华中师范大学
研究生课程论文
论文题目APragmaticAnalysisofHemingway’s
0ShortStoryCatintheRain
完成时间2011.2.23
课程名称普通语言学导论
专业英语语言文学
年级2010级
注:
研究生须在规定期限内完成课程论文,并用A4页面打印,加此封面装订成册后,送交评审教师。
教师应及时评定成绩,并至迟在下学期开学后两周内将此课程论文及成绩报告单一并交本单位研究生秘书存档。
APragmaticAnalysisofHemingway’sShortStory
CatintheRain
Abstract:
Withthedevelopmentofvariousbranchesoflinguistics,thenecessitytouselinguistictheoryinstudyingliteraturetextshasbeenacknowledgedbymoreandmorescholars.Thisthesisusesseveralpragmatictheories--CooperativePrinciple,ConversationalImplicatureandPolitenessPrincipletoanalyzetheapplicationandviolationofthesetheoriesintheverbalaswellasnon-verbalcommunicationofHemingway’sShortStoryCatintheRainsoastopromoteabetterunderstandingofthesetheoriesinstudyingliteraturetexts.
Keywords:
CooperativePrinciple;ConversationalImplicature;PolitenessPrinciple;violation
摘要:
随着语言学各分支学科的发展,越来越多的学者试着用语言学理论研究文学文本。
本文运用了语用学的几个理论—合作原则、会话含义理论和礼貌原则分析了海明威短篇小说<<雨中猫>>中几组人物之间的言语和非言语交际,以便更好的理解这些理论在文学文本中的运用。
关键词:
合作原则;会话含义理论;礼貌原则;违反
I.ABriefIntroductionofCPandPP
1.TheCooperativePrincipleandItsMaxims
TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)studieshowthespeakercanmanagetoconveymorethanwhatissaidandhowthehearercanarriveatthespeaker’smeaningintheirmutualcommunication.TheAmericanphilosopherPaulGrice(1975)believesthattheremustbesomemechanismsgoverningtheproductionandcomprehensionsguidingtheconductofconversation.Thisiswhathecallsthecooperativeprinciple.
Grice’s(1975)formulationoftheprincipleanditsmaximsareasfollows:
Makeyourcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.
FourMaxims
1)ThemaximofQuality
Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue,specially:
a)donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse;
b)donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence
2)ThemaximofQuantity
a)makeyoucontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange;
b)donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired
3)ThemaximofRelevance
Makeyoucontributionrelevant
4)ThemaximofManner
Beperspicuous,andspecifically:
a)avoidobscurity;b)avoidambiguity;c)bebrief;d)beorderly
2.ConversationalImplicature
Grice(1975)alsopointsoutthatspeakersdonotalwaysfollowtheabovemaxims;infacttheyoftenviolatethesethemselves.Butthisisnotthepoint.Theimportantthingisthatwhetherthespeakerfollowsorviolatesthesemaxims,heproducessomeimplicature—akindofextrameaningthatisnotcontainedintheutterance.Whenanyofthemaximsisclearlyviolatedandthelistenerknowsthatitisbeingviolated,thenConversationalImplicaturesarise.
3.Leech’spolitenessprinciples
Leech(1983)formulates‘PolitenessPrinciple’(PP),tryingtoremedyGrice’s(1975)CooperativePrinciple(CP)whichispresumedtobeunabletointerpretwhy,forinstance,peoplearepronetouseindirectwaysofsayingthings.ToLeech,itispolitenessthatmotivatesit.
ThePPhassixmaxims:
(1)TactMaxim:
Minimizecosttohearer;maximizebenefittohearer.
(2)GenerosityMaxim:
Minimizebenefittospeaker;maximizecosttospeaker.
(3)ApprobationMaxim:
Minimizedispraiseofhearer;maximizepraiseofhearer.
(4)ModestyMaxim:
Minimizepraiseofspeaker;maximizedispraiseofspeaker.
(5)AgreementMaxim:
Minimizedisagreementbetweenspeakerandhearer;maximizeagreementbetweenspeakerandhearer.
(6)SympathyMaxim:
Minimizeantipathybetweenspeakerandhearer;maximizesympathybetweenspeakerandhearer.
AccordingtoLeech(1983),thePPasaprincipleisuniversalacrosscultures.Differenceslieonlyinthesocialcircumstanceofpolitenesslikeage,sex,rankrepresentedbysocialdistancebetweentwopeople,relativepowerofonepersonovertheother,andsoon.Forexample,whenAmericansandChinesereceivethesamepraise,theformerliketothankthepraiser,whilethelattertrytominimizetheirownpraise-worthymerit.ButthisdoesnotmeanthatAmericansdisobeytheModestyMaxim.Thankinginthiscaseimpliesmodestybythankingthepraiserandover-dispraisingoneselfisatypicalmodestymodelintheeasternculture.SotheskepticismabouttheuniversalityofPPallovertheworld,whichseemedtobegaininggroundinthetwoorthreedecadesaftertheappearanceofLeech(1983),doesnotreallyholdunderscrutiny.
Therearetwodifferenttypesofpoliteness:
positivepolitenessandnegativepoliteness(Holmes,1993)
Generallyspeaking,politenessinvolvestakingaccountofthefeelingsofothers.Beinglinguisticallypoliteinvolvesspeakingtopeopleappropriatelyinthelightoftheirrelationshiptoyou.Makingdecisionsaboutwhatisorisnotconsideredpoliteinanycommunity,thereforeinvolvesassessingsocialrelationshipsalongthedimensionsofsocialdistance,andrelativepowerorstatus.Positivepolitenessissolidarityoriented.Itemphasizessharedattitudesandvalues.Forinstance,whenthebosssuggeststhatasubordinateshouldusefirstnametoher,thisisapositivepolitenessmove,expressingsolidarityandminimizingstatusdifference.Bycontrast,negativepolitenesspayspeoplerespectandavoidsintrudingonthem.Indirectdirectivesexpressnegativepoliteness.Negativepolitenessinvolvesexpressingoneselfappropriatelyintermsofsocialdistanceandrespectingstatusdifferences.
II.TheFeasibilityoftheUseofPragmaticsintheAnalysisoftheStory
Theonlyreasonfortheexistenceofthenovelistorepresentlifebysupplyingadirectimpressionofitandtheairofrealityisthesupremevirtueofthenovel(James,1999).Asacooperativecommunicator,theauthorissupposedtowriteaboutreallifeasthespeakerindailycommunicationissupposedtosaysomethingtrue.SotheQualityMaximalsoworksinfictionalcommunication.
Fictionreadingorcarryingoutfictionalcommunicationisanimpositiononthereader.Theimpositionwouldincreaseiftheauthor’suseoflanguageistooverboseortooconciseforthefactthatverbositywouldcostthereadermoretimeandreticencewouldcostthereadermoreeffort.Soitisnecessaryfortheauthortouselanguageappropriatelytosupplytheappropriatequantityofinformation.Inotherwords,theQuantityMaximalsoworksinfictionalcommunication.
Itisafactthattherearethousandsoffactsrelatedtothefictionalstory.Thenwhatfactsshouldtheauthorpresentinthefictionalstoryandwhatshouldthenarratorandthecharacterssayinspecificcontexts?
Asimpliedabove,irrelevantfactswouldcostmoretimeandeffort.Theauthorwouldwritesomethingthatishighlyrelevanttothemotifofthefictionalwork.SowecanseethetheRelationMaximofCPalsoworksinfictionalcommunication.
Afterdeterminingwhatthefictionalstoryistorevealandhowmanyfatsaretobepresented,theauthorshouldconsiderhowtoorganizethefactsintoastorythroughnarrativelanguageandcharacterlanguage.SotheMannerMaximalsoworksinfictionalcommunication.
Itisafactthatpeopleofdifferentpersonalitywithdifferentrelationshipswitheachotherwouldusedifferentpolitenessstrategiesincommunication.Sotheauthorshouldhavethecharactersusedifferentpolitenessstrategiesinordertocreatecharactersandtodemonstratetheirrelationshipswitheachother.Inotherwords,theauthorcanemployvariouspolitenessstrategiestocreatecharactersanddisplaytheirrelationships.
III.AnalysisoftheApplicationandViolationofCPandPPinEnglishshortstories
Astheobjectiveofpragmaticstudyistoexplainhowlanguageisusedtoeffectsuccessfulcommunication,conversationorverballanguageasthemostcommonandnaturalformofcommunication,hasdrawntheattentionofmanyscholars.Sothefollowingthesiswillprimarilyfocusonconversationsbetweenseveralpairsofpersons.However,non-verballanguage,suchasbodymovementsandfacialexpressionarealsotakenintoconsideration.
1.Communicationbetweenthewifeandthehusband
Thecommunicationbetweenthewifeandthehusbandoccupiesthemostimportantplaceinthestory,bothinverbalandnon-verbalform.AndthereflectionofmaximsofCPandPPandtheirviolationsarejustobvious.
(1)Communicationbeforethewife’ssearchingthecat
“I'mgoingdownandgetthatkitty,”theAmericanwifesaid.
“I'lldoit,”herhusbandofferedfromthebed
“No,I'llgetit.Thepoorkittyoutistryingtokeepdryunderatable.”
Thehusbandwentonreading,lyingproppedupwiththetwopillowsatthefootofthebed.
“Don'tgetwet”,hesaid.
Inthiscommunication,thewifesawacatintherainandwantedtotakeitback.Whenshesaid“I'mgoingdownandgetthatkitty,”shewasmakingastatementaboutherwantingofacat.Yet,shewaspurposefullyviolatingthemaximofquantityandmannerofCP.Shedidn’tgiveenoughinformationaboutthedescriptionofthecatandthereasonofherwantingitandherinformationisnotclearandspecificenough.Inadequatethoughherinformationis,thereisanextra-implicationinherwords.Shejustwantedherhusbandtoasksomethingaboutthecatandthereasonandevenwantedhimtoaccompanyhertogoout.However,thehusbandfailedtoorpretendedtofailtounderstandhermeaningorimplicature.Hesaid“I’lldoit,”justtogivearesponsetothewife’swords.Fromthenon-verbalcommunicationthathedidn'tmovealittlefromhisbed,wecanknowthathedidn'twantto"doit"atall.SohisanswerisjusttofulfilltherelevancemaximofCPandthetactmaximofPPto"minimizecosttothewife",o
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学论文 作者 朱军宏 语言学 论文