托福综合写作攻略.docx
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托福综合写作攻略.docx
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托福综合写作攻略
综合写作攻略:
一、题型分析
1、要点分析
时间:
在新托福写作考试的前二十分钟进行,虽然写作是新托福考试的最终部分,但万万不可掉以轻心,否则自毁长城,前功尽弃。
工具:
新托福写作只有键盘输入一种选择,打字速度慢者吃亏不少。
建议考生熟练操作键盘,提高打字速度并减少打字错误。
字数:
有明确要求,150~225字。
建议考生平常练习时利用word工具,计算文章字数,做到心中有数。
文体:
正规书面文体。
不可使用诸如“doesn’t”等非正规文体和口语词汇,可模仿阅读中的遣词造句。
题目:
共分三个部分,阅读,听力,写作。
2、评分标准
5
Aresponseatthislevel
Effectivelyaddressesthetaskbyconveyingrelevantinformationfromthelecture;andaccuratelyrelateskeyinformationfromthelecturetoinformationinthereading;and
Iswellorganizedandcoherent;and
Containsappropriategrammarandvocabulary,withonlyoccasionalminorlanguageerrors.
文章切题,包含听力中的相关信息;将听力主要信息与阅读材料信息准确对应;段落组织有序,衔接紧密;用词确切,语法规范,有少量拼写错误
4
Aresponseatthislevel
Generallyconveysrelevantinformationfromthelecture,butmayhaveminoromissions;and
Isgenerallygoodinrelatinginformationfromthelecturetoinformationinthereading,butmayhaveminorinaccuraciesorvaguenessofsomecontentorconnectionsamongideas;and
Isgenerallywellorganized;and
Containsappropriategrammarandvocabulary,butmayhavenoticeableminorlanguageerrorsoroccasionallackofclarity.
文章基本切题,基本包含了听力中的相关信息,但有少许遗漏;信息组织基本合理,但有少许不准确之处或某些内容或观点间的衔接不清晰;段落组织基本有序;用词确切,语法规范,有明显的拼写错误或偶尔表述不清。
3
Aresponseatthislevel
Containssomerelevantinformationfromthelecture,butmayomitonekeypoint;or
Conveyssomeconnectionsbetweenthelectureandthereading,butsomecontentorconnectionsamongideasmaybeincomplete,inaccurate,orvague;or
Containserrorsingrammarorusagethatresultinvaguenessofsomecontentorconnectionsamongideas
包含了听力中的某些相关信息,但遗漏了一个要点;阐述了听力与阅读的某些联系,但某些内容或观点间的联系不完整,不准确或含糊不清;包含语法错误影响了某些内容或观点间联系的表达
2
Aresponseatthislevel
Containssomerelevantinformationfromthelecture,butmayhavesignificantomissionsorinaccuraciesofkeypoints;or
Omitsorlargelymisrepresentstheconnectionsbetweenthelectureandthereading;or
Containslanguageerrorsthatobscuremeaningofkeyideasorconnectionsamongideas.
包含听力材料中的某些相关信息,但有重大遗漏或要点表述错误;遗漏或嵌解了听力与材料间的联系;语法错误严重影响内容表达
1
Aresponseatthislevel
Containslittleornorelevantcontentfromthelecture;or
Failstoconnectpointsfromthelectureandreading;or
Containslanguageerrorsthatgreatlyobscuremeaning;or
Istoobrieftoallowevaluationofwritingproficiency.
没有或有很少听力中的相关信息;没能将听力与阅读建立起联系;语法错误严重影响表达;篇幅太小影响评分
0
Aresponseatthislevel
Onlycopiessentencesfromthereading;or
Isnotrelatedtothegiventopic;or
IswritteninalanguageotherthanEnglish;or
Isblank.
仅从阅读材料中抄袭句子;与主题无关;用除英语外的其它语言写作;空白卷
通过对评分标准进行分析,我们知道了ETS对于一篇好的综合写作作文的要求:
细节缺一不可 (example,reason,detail)
不能跑题(unity)
结构紧凑 (organization)
段落过渡流畅 (coherent)
用词多样化,丰富 (variety)
3、如何准备
1 良好的语法知识
2 充足的词汇量
3 基本的文体知识
4 良好的阅读习惯
5 良好的听力水平
6 高超的语言衔接手段
7 多种表达方法综合运用的能力
8 高超的记笔记能力
在平时备考过程中要注意:
1. 强化语法知识和学术论文写作的文体格式;掌握常用时态,语态,语气和句式,熟练运用语法知识写出通顺的句子。
2. 千方百计强化词汇,多读学术性文章,熟悉写作格式和常用语言表达,熟悉英文写作思路。
3. 多听学术性强的英语讲座,熟悉英语口头表达方式,听懂大意,总结归纳。
4. 熟悉常用句型,多练
写作原则
归纳起来共有七条:
1)正式文体 2)完整结构
3) 明确观点 4)条理内容
5)重视句式 6)通顺联贯
7) 扬长避短
二、出题方式
1)3分钟阅读,字数300左右
2)1~2分钟听力,长度与阅读相当
3)20分钟写作,长度150~225字
三、要点
如何确定要点:
1. 主题句
2. 重复的语意(同根,同义,同一词)
3. 原因和结果
4. 被解释的词汇
5. 带有倾向性的名词,形容词,副词,动词等。
6. 被强调的语意(比较,最高级,绝对词)
7. 问题与答案
8. 重要例子
9. 比较/对比&比喻
10. 表转折的词(其后的内容很重要)
四、动笔写作前的注意事项
1. Readthequestioncarefullyandthinkaboutwhatitwantsyoutodo.
2. reviewthenotesyoutookduringthelecture
3. planwhatfactstopresent,andinwhatorder
4. selectmainpointsandwriteaparagraphabouteach
5. developtheideaswithexamplesandreasons
五、如何结构全文:
总分式
分总式
总分总式
六、写作中的注意事项:
Statethekeypointclearlyinthefirstsentenceoftheparagraphwithminimumdetail.(每段第一句阐明主要观点,尽量少谈细节)
Eachparagraphshouldconveyonemajorpointandsupportitwithrelevantdetailsorexplanation.(每段包含的主要观点必须有相关的细节说明或解释)
作文主体完成后的注意事项:
Allowtimetocorrectgrammarandvocabularyerrors.(留出时间检查语法与单词拼写)
考生易犯的错误
Problem1:
nosubject-verbagreement
Incorrect
Correct
Morethanonereasonareexpressedinthereadingpassage.
Morethanonereasonisexpressedinthereadingpassage.
Oneideaisthatthesizeofthebrainindicateaperson’sintelligence.
Oneideaisthatthesizeofthebrainindicatesaperson’sintelligence.
Problem2:
nopronounagreement
Incorrect
Correct
Thebestwaytopreventacaraccidentistopreventthemfromhappening.
Thebestwaytopreventacaraccidentistopreventitfromhappening.
Maryisasalespersonwhichdoesagoodjob.
Maryisasalespersonwhodoesagoodjob.
Problem3:
duplicatesubject
Incorrect
Correct
MarthaGrahamshemadeherdebutin1920withtheDenishawnSchool.
MarthaGrahammadeherdebutin1920withtheDenishawnSchool.
AlthoughChristopherColumbushefailedinhisoriginalgoal,thediscoveryhedidmakeweremoreimportantthantheroutetoAsiaheexpectedtofind.
AlthoughChristopherColumbusfailedinhisoriginalgoal,thediscoveryhedidmakeweremoreimportantthantheroutetoAsiaheexpectedtofind.
Problem4:
incorrectverbform
Incorrect
Correct
Thesenewdrugsaswonderdrugssavingmanypeoplewhoareverysick.
Thesenewdrugsaswonderdrugssavemanypeoplewhoareverysick.
Problem5:
incompletesentence
Incorrect
Correct
Asaresult,reductioninthenumberofdeath.
Asaresult,reductioninthenumberofdeathhasbeenachieved.
Problem6:
incorrectlyjoinedclause
Incorrect
Correct
Surfaceirrigationwastesalotofwater,thiswatercannotbeusedforotherpurposes.
Surfaceirrigationwastesalotofwater,andthiswatercannotbeusedforotherpurposes.
Practice
Checkthesentencestructureofthefollowingparagraphs.Crossouterrorsandwritecorrectionsabovethem.Theremaybemorethanonewaytocorrectanerror.
1. Inthepast,peopleusegeothermalenergyinseveralways.Forexample,hotspringsforbathing,treatingdisease,andheatingbuildings.DifferenttribesinNorthAmericatheycallhotspringsplacesofpeace,everybodycouldsharethehotwaterforbathing.InEuropeanhistory,theRomanstheyalsousethewaterofhotspringsfortheirhealingpower.Forexample,eyeandskindiseases.GeothermalenergywasalsoheathomesinRomeandotherplaceswhoaregeologicallyactive.
Keys:
Inthepast,peopleusedgeothermalenergyinseveralways.Forexample,hotspringswereusedforbathing,treatingdisease,andheatingbuildings.TribesinNorthAmericacalledhotspringsplacesofpeace,andeverybodycouldsharethehotwaterforbathing.InEuropeanhistory,theRomansusedhotspringtocureeyeandskindiseases.Theyevenusedthewaterofhotspringsastheirhealingpower.GeothermalenergyheatedhomesinRomeandotherplaceswheregeothermalenergyisgeologicallyactive.
2. Theprofessormademanypointsaboutthemotivationandneedsofworkerstheysupportpointsmadeinthereading.First,theprofessorsaythesmallworkgroupimportantforworkersabout3to15peoplewithoneleader.Theworkgroupfillneedsofworkersthereasonistheycanparticipateandasenseofrespect.Thesmallworkgroupalsogiveworkerstheabilityformakedecisions.Thispointagreedwiththereadingitsaidthemostsatisfyingjobsarethosewithahighlevelofautonomythisgaveworkersavoicecanmaketheirowndecisions.
Keys:
Theprofessormademanypointsaboutthemotivationandneedsofworkers.First,theprofessorsaidthatthesmallworkgroupisimportantforworkersabout3to15peoplewithoneleader.Theworkgroupfillsneedsofworkersthattheycanfullyparticipateineachtaskandenjoyasenseofrespect.Thesmallworkgroupalsogivesworkersthepossibilitytomakedecisions.Thispointagreedwiththereadinginthepointthatthemostsatisfyingjobsarethosewithahighlevelofautonomywhichgaveworkersavoicetomaketheirowndecisions.
七、拓展观点
总结听力材料summarizethelecture:
Thespeakertalksabout
Thelecturediscusses/ismainlydiscussing
Theprofessormadethepointthat
引出要点introducekeypoints:
First/second/third
First/then/anotherpointisthat
Orexpressthekeypointdirectlyinatopicsentence.
引出例子introduceexamplesorreasons:
Forexample(instance)/oneexampleis/suchas/thatis
增加例子addexamplesorreasons:
Next/Furthermore/anotherexampleis/inaddition
对比观点Shwcontrastbetweenideas:
However/Incontrast/onthecontrary/ontheotherhand/but
精彩opening:
1)Thelecturediscusses…whichdiffersfromthemainideainthereadingthat…
2)Theprofessormadethepointthat….Thereadingdoesnotdiscussthispoint.
Anotherimportantpointisthat…,butthereadingdoesnotdiscussthepoint.
Finally,theProfessorstatedthat….
Ingeneral,theProfessordiscussesproblemsof…thatthereadingdoesnotinclude.
3)Accordingtothelecture,….Ontheotherhand/whilethereadingstatedthat…
Theprofessormadethepointthat….Onthecontrary/however/incontrast,thewriterdemonstratedanideathat…
Thelecturesupports/illustratestheideathat…
Thelecturecontradicts/refutes/isincontraryto/istheoppositeoftheideathat…
对材料的指称:
Thespeaker/lecturer/professor/listeningmaterial/lecture
Thewriter/narrator/readingmaterial/writing
八、总体写作模式
Paragraph1 firstkeypointfromthelecture
Examplesfromthelecture
Explanationorconnectiontothereading
Paragraph2 secondkeypointfromthelecture
Examplesfromthelecture
Explanationorconnectiontothereading
Paragraph3 thirdkeypointfromthelecture
Examplesfromthelecture
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