英国文学简史 概述.docx
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英国文学简史 概述.docx
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英国文学简史概述
EnglishLiterature:
AReview
Pre-RenaissancePeriod:
Beowulf,thefirstnationalepicofEngland:
alliteration,metaphorandunderstatement.
NormanConquestin1066markedtheestablishmentoffeudalsocietyinEngland,andWilliamtheconquerorpassedtheDoomsdaybook,andtheconquestalsostartedthedominanceofFrenchinEnglandastheofficiallanguageformorethan200years.
TheclassconflictinfeudalEnglandbecamesoseverethatin1381therewasagreatpeasantrising.
RomancebecameadominantliteraryforminfeudalEnglandforthelords,andthechiefrepresentativeworkofthisgenreisKingArthurandHisKnightsoftheRoundTable.Thedefinitioncanbebrieflysummedusas“Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandthatdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters,”andatermiscloselyassociatedwithRomanceofthisperiod,thatisChivalry.TheArthurSeriesendedwithMalory’sLeMorteD’Arthur.
Balladisthemajorliterarygenreforthepeasants,andthemostpopularworkisRobinHoodSeries.Thedefinitionis“Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycountries,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliterature.Folkballadshavenoknownauthors.Theyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsaretherefrain,incrementalrepetition,andcodelanguage.Alaterformofballadistheliteraryballad,whichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.”
LanglandissaidtobetheauthorofPiersthePlowman.
Chaucer:
founderofEnglishpoetry,introducedHeroicCoupleintoEnglishliteratureandalsothefirstmajorpoettowriteinEnglish.HealsodidalotinstandardizingEnglishthelanguagebyusingLondondialectinhisworks.HismajorworksareTroilusandCriseyde,ThecanterburyTales.
ThomasMore:
Utopia《乌托邦》
FrancisBacon:
Essays《论说文集》或《随笔》:
“Knowledgeispower”----Bacon
EdmundSpencer:
FaerieQueen《仙后》
“Oursweetestsongsarethosethatsingofsaddestfeelings.”---Spencer
“OdetotheWestWind”:
Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?
---PercyByssheShelley
★Chapter1Renaissance
TheRenaissance:
TheRenaissanceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
Humanism(人文主义)
HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.“Manisthemeasureofallthings.”ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
MainstreamofLiteraryForms
IntheearlystageoftheRenaissance,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryformsandtheywerecarriedonespeciallybyShakespeareandBenJonson.TheElizabethandrama,initstotality,istherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.
EdmundSpenser:
thePoets’poetforhisidealism,loveofbeautyandexquisitemelody
EdmundrecordedhislamentsoverthelossofRosalindinTheShepherd’sCalendar.(牧人日记).
TheFaerieQueene
FivemainqualitiesofSpenser'spoetry
1)aperfectmelody;
2)araresenseofbeauty;
3)asplendidimagination;
4)aloftymoralpurityandseriousness
5)adedicatedidealism.
SpenserianStanza:
Anine-linestanzawiththefollowingrhymescheme:
ababbabcc.Thefirsteightlinesarewritteniniambicpentameter.Theninthlineiswritteniniambichexameterandiscalledanalexandrine.
FrancisBacon:
thefirstmajorEnglishessayist;founderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophy
Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness
“OfStudies”
OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning
ChristopherMarlowe:
themostgiftedofthe"UniversityWits",composedsixplays.
Dr.Faustus(Germanlegendofamagician)
Dr.FaustusisthegreatestofMarlowe’splays,inwhichtheoldGermanlegendisfreelyreshaped.Faustusisagreatscholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireallkindsofknowledge.Heisboredofhispresentstudyontheacademiccurriculumandturnstoblackmagic.ByconjurationhecallsupMephistophilis,theDevil'sservant.FaustusmakesabondtosellhissoultotheDevilinreturnfortwenty-fouryearsoflifeinwhichhemayhavetheservicesofMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.
“ThepassionateShepherdtohislove”
ThispoemisconsideredtobeoneofthemostbeautifullyricsinEnglishliterature.Itderivesfromthepastoraltradition,inwhichtheshepherdenjoysanidealcountrylife,cherishingapastoralandpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnaturewhereloversarenotdisturbedbyworldlyconcern
Marlowe’sAchievements
Marlowe'sgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse(无韵体诗)andmadeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.
Marlowe’ssecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.(Mindhisthreemajorplays:
DoctorFaustus---thirstforknowledge;TheJewofMalta---thirstforwealth;Tamburline---thirstforpower)
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616):
Dramatist,actor,andpoet
Mainworks:
37plays,154sonnets,2narrativepoems(VenusandAdonis,andTheRapeofLucrece),
4GreatTragedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth(RomeoandJuliet)
4GreatComedies:
AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsyoulikeIt,TwelfthNight.
CommentsonShakespeare:
CarlMarx:
“AeschylusandShakespearearethetwogreatestdramaticgeniustheworldhaseverknown.”
BenJonson:
“Hedoesnotbelongtoonetime,butbelongstoalltimes.”
WilliamShakespeare’swritingfeature
Aplayintheplay.
BorrowplotsfromotherstoriessuchasRoman,Greekandancientmyth.
Severalthreadsrunningthroughtheplay.
Combinationoftragicandcomicelements.
WilliamShakespeare’swritingstyle
1.Tremendousvocabulary(16,000words,inventedwords)
2.Literarydevices(alliteration,simile,metaphor)
3.Usepoetryinhisplay
WilliamShakespeare’shumanisticideas
1.Againstcrueltyandanti-naturalcharacterofcivilwars
2.Againstreligiouspersecution,racialdiscrimination,socialinequality.
3.Hatesrebellionanddespisesdemocracy
ThemesinShakespeare’ssonnets
1.Expressloveandpraisetoayoungman
2.Immortalizebeautythroughverses
3.Friendshiporbetrayaloffriendship
Sonnet
Origin:
Italy
Mostfamousandinfluentialsonneteer:
Petrach(PetrachanSonnets:
8lines:
abbaabba;6lines:
cdecde,sometimescdcdcd.Noclosingcouplet)
SelectedReadingofShakespeare:
1.Sonnet18:
a.LadiesintheeyesofShakespearearenotgoodandbeautiful.Hiswifeis8yearsolderthanhim.
b.Iambicpentameter:
Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.
c.Mainideas:
i.Quatrain1:
praisethebeautyoftheyoungman
ii.Quatrain2:
changesinlifeandnature
iii.Quatrain3:
“your”beautywilllastforever
iv.Couplet:
“your”beautywillliveinmypoem.AnImmortalbeauty
d.Hissonnet18expressesthatbeautifulthingscanrelyontheforceofliteraturetoreacheternity.
Literatureiscreatedbyman,thusitdeclaresman’seternity.Thepoemshowsthemightyself-confidenceofthenewlyclass.Thevivid,variableandrichimagesreflectthelivelyandadventurousspiritsofthosewhowereopeningnewworld.
2.ThecharacteranalysisofHamlet
Hamletisascholarandawarrior.
Hisfatherhasbeenkilledbyhisuncle,Claudius,whothentakesthethroneandmarrieshismother.Hamletisinformedbytheghostofhisfathertotakerevenge,buttheweaknessofindecisivenessorindeterminationinhischaracteralwaysdelayhisaction,andfinallyleadstohistragicfallofdeath.(ThereasonmightalsobeexplainedthroughtheemploymentofOedipalComplex恋母情节)
Hamletisnotamanofaction,butamanofthinkingatfirst.Hehesitatesatsomecrucialmoments.Atlastwhenheisforcedtotakesomeactions,hedoeskillClaudiusgloriously,buthealsosacrificeshisownlife.
Otherimportantdetails:
Sidney:
ApologyforPoetry.
★Chapter2TheRevolutionandtheNeoclassicalPeriod(1600-1798)
Theageofreasonandenlightenment.It’saturbulentperiod.
1660TheRestoration1665TheGreatPlague---BlackDeath.70,000died,2/3homeless.
1688TheGloriousRevolution.Britishcolonies(Abroad);ActsofEnclosure(圈地运动)
(Athome);TheEnlightenmentMovement(启蒙运动)
JamesIIexiledabroad.ThepersecutionofProtestants.JamesII’sdaughterMarryandherhusbandWilliamturnedbacktoEnglandasfigurehead(KingandQueen)withoutpower.PowerwasintheParliament.EnglandbecamethefirstcapitalistcountrywithConstitutionalmonarchy,whichmarkedtheendoffeudalsociety.
IndustrialRevolution(romanticperiod)---atthe2ndhalfof18c
Preparationsfortherevolution
1.money---bytradingcompanies,e.g.EastIndiaCompany
---bymoneyinvestment
2.goods,materials---colonies,e.g.India,NorthAmerica
3.manpower---“ActofEnclosure”.Thelandlessandhomeless
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