跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源.docx
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跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源.docx
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跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源
跨文化视角下分析《纽伦堡审判》中的法律文化根源
【摘要】跨文化交际根据不同国家的文化特点来进行分类,寻找他们之间的共同点。
本文是运用跨文化交际中的个人主义-集体主义理论,面子协商理论和文化趋同理论对影片《纽伦堡审判》进行分析。
个人主义-集体主义理论关注的是个人更加注重个人意愿还是集体意愿;面子协商理论是根据人们对处理面子冲突的方式进行分类,分析。
文化趋同是一种表示多种文化趋向于一体化的理论表达。
影片中的美国,英国和法国是典型的个人主义国家,采取自我取向的面子保留策略;而苏联是集体主义国家,则采取他者取向的面子保留策略。
通过本文可以使得我们能够更好的了解四国的历史文化,生活习惯等。
【关键词】跨文化交际;文化根源;纽伦堡审判。
LegalCultureRootsReflectedinNurembergTrialsfromCross-culturalCommunicationPerspective
Abstract
【ABSTRACT】Withthedevelopmentofoursociety,thecommunicationsamiddifferentcountriesarebecomingincreasinglyfrequent.Oneglobalsubject,namelycross-culturalcommunication,emergesbecauseofinherentdemand,whichseekstoclassifycountriesintodifferentcategoriesaccordingtotheiruniqueculturecharacteristicsandtriestoascertainsomecommonly-sharedcharacteristics.ThispaperwillmainlyanalyzethemovieNurembergtrialsonthebasisofIndividualism-CollectivismTheory,Face-NegotiationTheoryaswellasCulturalConvergenceTheory.Individualism-CollectivismTheoryismainlyconcerningoneissue"anindividualandtheirgroups,whichonecarriesmoreimportance?
"Face-NegotiationTheoryalsofocusesononeissue:
thewaytheyemploytodealwithmutualfaceconflicts:
other-orientedface-savingstrategiesorself-orientedface-savingstrategies?
TheculturalConvergenceTheorybasesitsemphasisonthatinatotallyclosedcircumstance,disparateculturestendtoblendandcreateanewculturetoadaptallpeoplethereinacertainperiodoflongtime.Iftimeispressing,theexpectedculturemaynotcomeintobeing.Afterthispaper’sanalysis,wecansafelyreachaconclusionthattheAmerican,theBritishandtheFrencharethepeoplewhobelievefirmlyinindividualismandholdunconsciouslytheself-orientedface-savingstrategies;whiletheU.S.S.R.aretypicallyfeaturedbycollectivism,other-orientedface-savingstrategiespeople.ThispaperisboundtobehelpfulinourfurtherunderstandingregardingtheFrench,British,USAandU.S.S.R..Intheanalyticalprocess,contemplation,meditationandponderingconcerningtheirrespectivecultureandtheirhistorieswillinvolve,whichdefinitelywillbetterourcontactwiththemincross-culturalcommunication.
【KEYWORDS】Cross-CulturalCommunication;CultureRoots;NurembergTrials。
1.Introduction
Theunderlyinginkbetweencultureandcommunicationiscrucialtohelpingustounderstandinter-culturalcommunicationbecauseitisthroughtheinfluenceofculturethatpeoplelearntocommunicate.ItisquiteeasytodistinguishthepeoplefromChineseandAmerican,becausetheirbehaviorsconveymeanings,andmanybehaviorsarelearnedandshared.Thisisculture.Peopleviewtheirworldthroughcategories,concepts,andlabelsthatareproductsoftheirculture,andusethroughoutthehistory.Differentcountrieshavedifferentcultures.Cross-culturalcommunicationisanotionaboutthecommunicationbetweendifferentcountries.
Culturesneedalongtimetodevelop,andeveryhistoryeventcanberepresentedonourbehaviors.Weallknowthateventsorhistoryeventswillinfluencepeople’slife.Maybesomeoneormaybesomething,allofthemwhichhappenedinthehardshipsofhistorywerecombinedtogether,andthencreatedthecultureofacertaincommunityoranation.Researchesoncultureshouldprobeintotheirhistories.Nowadays,withtheadventofculturalglobalization,thecollision,exchangeandintegrationamongdifferentculturesbecomemoreandmoreinevitableandunavoidable.Weshouldanalyzeourculturesandeventsfromtheviewofhistory,andacross-culturalperspective.Weshouldexplorethereasonswhytheydothingslikethis,notthat.Onthebasisofwhattheresearchershavedone,thispaperwilldiscusstheculturerootsofdifferentcultures.
Theresocio-culturalelementsaretheconstitutingpartsofinter-culturalcommunication.Whenwecombinethem,aswedowhenwecommunicate,theyarelikethecomponentsofastereosystem-eachonerelatestoandneedstheother.Inourdiscussion,theelementswillbeseparatedinordertoidentifyanddiscussthem.Inactuality,however,theydonotexistinisolationnordotheyfunctionalone.Theyallformacomplexmatrixofinteractingelementsthatoperatetogethertoconstitutethecomplexphenomenoncalledinter-culturalcommunication.
1.1Background
Worldpeacehasbecomethehottopicintheworld.Globalizationbecomesmoreandmoreobvious,thusthecommunicationbetweendifferentcountriesbecomesmorefrequent,despitefollowedbytheincreasingnumberofeconomicandpoliticalfrictions.Inthelong-term,thewarisameansofsolvingdisputesbetweencountriesinordertomeetitsambitions.Meanwhile,thepainandcrueltyofthewarcompelpeopletothinkabouthowtocontrolthehumansavagecruelatrocities.
Fromthelate1800s,internationalcommunitypressuresappealtotakeactiontolimitthecrueltyofwars.TheHagueconventionsandGenevaagreementmadewarrulesandunifiedregulationsofmethodsonwars,ontheuseofweaponsofwarandpeoplewhohavenotjoinedthebattleinthewar,andrightsofneutralcountries.Sincethen,theinternationalunionconvention(1919)andtheKellogg-BriandPactconvention(1928)arebothspecificationsthatabandonthewarasthetoolofnationalpolicy.However,theseprotocolsdonothavethelegaleffect.Therehavenorecognizedsanctionstopunishviolators,andhavenotanestablishedinternationaltribunaltoaccusecrimes.Such"counter-violence"methodcannotpreventwar,butcausemoreandmorebleedingwar,andhardlytorealizetherealworldpeace.
ThewardepartmentsecretaryHenryStimsononcesuggestedPresidentRooseveltabouthowtodealwithwarcriminalsaftertheWorldWar
.Hesaid:
"withsolemnattitudetopunishthesepeople,thisiscoordinatedwiththeprogressofcivilization,anditcanalsohavealargerimpacttolatergenerations...weshouldatleastestablishaninternationaltribunal,usedtojudgethemainNaziofficial."Afterafiercestruggle,fourlawyersfinallygavebirthtoNuremberginternationalmilitarytribunal.August8,1945,USA,British,U.R.R.S.andFrenchsignedanagreement,LondonAgreementanditsenclosure,thecharterofInternationalMilitaryTribunalatNuremberg,whichwereusedtopunishthemajorwarcriminalsoftheEuropeanAxis(ZhangJing,2004,p.8).Thisisthefirsttimetousepublictrialwaystodealwithwarcriminalsintheinternationalmilitarytribunalintheworld.Theybelievethatlegallawwillletsinnerspleadguiltytojustice,anditisawisechoicetocultivatejustice,andtosecurethepeacewitharationalway.
Nurembergtrialwasacross-centuryinternationaltrial,whichwasthefirsttimegivingtheexecutivesofaggressivewarsanopenandfairlegalpunishment,anditscrucialmeaningwasself-evident.ItbeganonNovember20,1945andendedonAugust31,1946.Amonthlater,onSeptember30thandOctober1,thecourtreadoutthejudgmentandpunishment.AsthechiefofU.S.attorney,JacksonsaidthattheimportanceofNurembergtrailsrestednotonhowitexplainedthepastloyally,butthevalueofwarningthefuture.(WangShizhou,2009)
1.2Thepurposeofresearch
ThispaperdoesnotstudythecontributionoftheNurembergTrialswhichbringtotheworldortheinternationallaw.Asweknow,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeaveryimportantnotion,andcross-culturalcommunicationhasmadetheworldbecomesmaller,anduptous,weshouldknowmoreaboutthisknowledgeinordertohaveabettercommunicationwithpeoplefromdifferentcountries.Thispaperisintendedtostudythethreetheoriesofcross-culturalcommunicationcombiningwiththemovieofNurembergTrials.Igiveasimpleanalysisaboutfourcountries,andunderstandthebasiccultureandcharacteristicsofthem.
1.3Methodology
Thispartisabouttheresearchmethodofthispaper,collectingthecontentofthemovieNurembergTrials,searchingdatafromthebooksandtheses,accordingtotheoriesofcross-culturalcommunication.
Thecross-culturalcommunicationisthetheoryfoundation.Ifirstcomprehendedthewholeinformationofcross-culturalcommunicationfromthebookofinterculturalcommunicationwrittenbyHuChaoin2005.ThenIfoundsomethesesaboutthreetheories:
Individualism-CollectivismTheory,Face-NegotiationTheoryandCulturalConvergenceTheorywhichreflectedinNurembergTrials.Forexample:
Communicationbetweencultures,writtenbyLarryA.Samovar,RichardE.PorterandLisaA.Strfaniin2000,Cross-culturalface-negotiation:
Ananalyticaloverview,writtenbyTing-ToomeyandS.&MatsuB.in1992.
BecausethispaperisaimingatunderstandingthecultureoffourcountriesbasedonthemovieNurembergTrialsaccordingtocross-culturalcommunicationtheories,soIcollecteddialoguesofthemovieinordertomakesureIcanholdthewholeinformationoftheNurembergTrials,andgatheredthehistoryinformation,newsandthesesaboutit.ThesebooksmainlyrecordedtheprocessoftheTrailsanditscontributiontothehumanrightandthedevelopmentoftheinternationalcriminallaw,suchasInternationalcriminallawreviewwrittenbyZhangJingin2004,InternationalcriminallawcourtandChinawrittenbyZhangWenqiin2004.
1.4Paperstructure
Thispaperconsistsoffourchapters.
Chapter1clarifiesthebackgroundofNurembergTrials,theresearchpurposeandmethodology.Chapter2isthetheoreticalfoundationoncross-culturalcommunication:
Individualism-CollectivismTheory,Face-NegotiationTheoryandthetheoryofCulturalConvergence.Chapter3analysestheNurembergTrialsfromthreepartsaccordingtothethreetheories,eachnationhasitsownculture,andeachculturereflectsitsownhistory.Analysisof
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