考研阅读真题.docx
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考研阅读真题.docx
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考研阅读真题
Unit5(2000年真题)
Passage1
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld'sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.
Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:
ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea'sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreignmadecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America'smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.
Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica'sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.
Howthingshavechanged!
In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Selfdoubthasyieldedtoblindpride."Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequickwitted,"accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment."ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,"saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athinktankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas"agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates."
1.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause________.
[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal
[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore
[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors
[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy
2.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican________.
[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket
[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises
[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions
[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket
3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpride.
[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.
[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.
[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.
4.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe________.
[A]turningofthebusinesscycle
[B]restructuringofindustry
[C]improvedbusinessmanagement
[D]successineducation
Passage2
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.
Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:
stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday—everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring—meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost81%ofitspowerinuper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.
Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000year—eventhepast100years—ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:
they"lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension."Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.
5.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?
[A]Alackofmates.
[B]Afiercecompetition.
[C]Alowersurvivalrate.
[D]Adefectivegene.
6.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?
[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.
[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.
[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.
[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.
7.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause________.
[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance
[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining
[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution
[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing
8.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
[A]SexRatioChangesinHumanEvolution
[B]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution
[C]theEvolutionaryFutureofNature
[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere
Passage3
Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverfuturistpoetrymaybe—evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight—itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.
This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:
foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupoflife,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.
Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver—andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:
'Pluff!
Pluff!
Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.'
This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:
thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:
haveweessentiallychanged?
9.Thispassageismainly_________.
[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart
[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry
[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement
[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature
10.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto________.
[A]determineitspurposes
[B]ignoreitsflaws
[C]followthenewfashions
[D]accepttheprinciples
11.Futuristsclaimthatwemust________.
[A]increasetheproductionofliterature
[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress
[C]developnewmodesofexpression
[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs
12.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis________.
[A]basedonreasonableprinciples
[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople
[C]indicativeofabasi
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