中美交通运输统计差异比较.docx
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中美交通运输统计差异比较.docx
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中美交通运输统计差异比较
ComparisonandimprovementofTransportationStatisticsbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina
Intheprocessofspeedingupthemodernization,thetransportationindustryinChinaisfacinganimportanthistoricalleap-forwarddevelopmenttasks.Underthemoderncontextoftheinformationsociety,thehealthydevelopmentoftransportationdependsontheinformationfromtransportationdevelopmentstrategyformulationofthenationalleveltotransportplanningoftheregionallevel.Businessandpersonaldecision-makingareaswellasincreasinglydependonfull,accurateandefficienttransportationstatistics,particularlyinthetransportationofspeedingthedevelopmentintoaperiodoffocusingonbuildingbothformandfunction.Afterthetransformationofemphasizingtheconstructionofvectorquantitytotheperiodofpromotingboththequalityandquantity,thefullandeffectivetransportstatisticsseemsmoreimportant.Howtoadapttothedevelopmentofmodernstatisticaltechniques,satisfytheinformationneedsoftheInformationAgesubjecttothetransportindustry’demandforstatisticalinformation,andprovidingaccurate,efficientandcomprehensiveindustrystatisticsisthemajorissuethattransportationstatisticsshoulddo.ThispassageisbasedonthestatusofAmericantransportationstatistics.WewilldoabasicreviewandanalysisoftransportationstatisticsofAmericaninordertofullydrawonthesuccessoftheU.S.experiencesoftransportationstatistics,sothatwecancomeupwiththesuggestionofimprovementstothetransportationstatisticsinourcountry.
1.ThesituationofTransportationStatisticsathomeandabroad
1.1Thesituationoftransportationinourcountry
ThereexiststhreeindependentpartsintheworkofTransportationStatisticsinourcounty.theMinistryofRailwaysinchargeofrailtransportationstatistics,theMinistryofTrafficinchargeofstatisticsofhighway,waterborneandcivilaviationtransportation,andChinaNationalPetroleumCorporationisresponsibleforthepipetransportationstatisticswithChinaPetroleumandChemicalCorporation.TheNationalBureauofStatisticsasagovernmentdepartmentisresponsibleforcomprehensivetransportationstatistics.Intheactualstatistics,weoftenusethesamplingsurvey,althoughhighwaytransportationstatisticssurveysystemisconsistsbythestatisticalreportingsystemtogetherwiththesamplingmethod.Highwaytrafficsamplingprogramhasamonthlyandannualsurveyprograms,themainsurveyengageintransportbusinessinthenon-independentaccountingunitsandunitsofnon-commercialtransportandprivatevehiclesownedbythecompletionofroadtraffic.Implementationofastratifiedrandomsampling,wearemeantothedataofpassengers(cargo)volume,turnoverindexdata.Thesurveyapproachtotheinvestigatorsbyaskingthecars’ownersdirectlyasthe"visithouseholdsurvey,"whichfilloutthequestionnaireinaninterviewbytheinvestigators.Surveysinthewaterbornetransportationsystem,usingstatisticalreportingsystemcombinedwiththemethodofsampling,thatis,thelargeenterprisesinaccordancewiththe"watercontactEnterprisestatisticalreportingsystem"providesforacomprehensivesurveyofregularstatisticalreportingsystem;buttheotherwaterbornetransportationenterprisesandindividualhouseholdsimplementasamplingsurvey.Insamplesurvey,wewilltaketheadvantageof"tonnageandtheauxiliaryvariable"stratifiedorsimplerandomsamplingand"stratified,PPSsampling."Sampleofobjectsincludesenterprisesandindividualhouseholdsownedshipsofthetrafficsectorandnon-trafficsector.Inthelayeredapproach,itisfirststratifiedbyregion,andthenshipsittoregionalcommercialornot.Wedoitatleasttwiceayearatpresentasusual,oneonthefirsthalfandoneonanotheront.Wewilltransformitgraduallytothemonthlysamplesurveyallaroundtheyear.Railtransportationstatisticswhichincludesdaily,monthlyandsoonisfinishedthroughstatisticalreportingsystem.InthedesignoftheBranchRailwayBureau,RailwayBureaulocatedandStatisticsDepartmentisresponsibleforrailtransportstatistics.Statisticalindicatorsincludethenumberofvisitors,luggagepackageweight,cargoweight,turnover,averagepassengertrip,luggageandparcelaverageleg,theaveragefortuneofgoods,transportdensity.Airtransportationstatisticshaveaspecialdepartmentofaviationbusinessstatistics,whichhastheimplementationofunifiedleadershipanddecentralizedmanagementstructureresponsibleforthestatistics.Thesurveyprojectisdividedintothreecategories,namelygeneralindustrystatistics,sectorstatisticsandprofessionalstatistics.Thisisdeterminedbyhightechnologyandprofessionalbusinessstatisticalincivilaviationindustrystatistics.
1.2StatusoftheU.S.TransportationStatistics
InAmerica,thetransportationstatisticsmainlyareguidedbyBureauofTransportationStatistics,whichbelongstotheStateMinistryofCommunications.BureauofTransportationStatisticsisfoundedbytheU.S.DepartmentofTransportationin1992.TheirdutiesaretocollectthestatisticaldatathatU.S.DepartmentofTransportationrequires,andtoensureavailability,objectivityandintegrityofthesedatatothesystemforanalyzingthedatawithsystempoint.Thereisn’texistsspecificallystatisticaldepartmentsoftransportationcorrespondingtheworkoftransportationstatisticsinallofthestates,butbytherelevantdepartmentswhoisresponsiblefordatacollectionandestimationtomeetthestate'sBureauofTransportationStatisticssurveywork.Sectoratthenationallevel,theBureauofTransportationStatisticswillalsocoordinatewithotherdepartmentstocarryoutspecificstatistics.Before1992,theU.S.TransportationStatisticshasbeentheindustryassociationsorcommunityagenciesaccordingtotheusers'needstodosomespecialtransportationstatistics.Butin1991,promulgatedthe"MultimodalGroundTransportationEfficiencyAct"requiresestablishingtheBureauofTransportationStatisticswithintheDepartmentofTransportation,whoisresponsibleforcollectingrequiredstatisticaldataandensuringtheapplicability,objectivityandintegrityofthesedata.WiththeBureauofTransportationStatisticsestablished,muchfruitfulworkcarriedout,constitutingthetransportationsystemofstatisticalmethodswhichincludesstatisticalreports,comprehensiveinvestigationandspecialinvestigation.Theyalsodesignedtheupperandlowerlevelsoftrafficandtransportationsystemofstatisticalprojects,thefirstlevelisBureauofTransportationStatisticsandotherrelevantinstitutionsandorganizationsacrossthecountry'stransportationstatisticsprojects,andthesecondlevelislocalorsmall-scaleinvestigationorganizedbythelocalstate,tradeassociationorsocialintermediaryorganizations,
2.ThedifferencesbetweenChinaandforeignTransportationStatistics
2.1Thecontentandindicatorsofstatistics
Statisticalindicatorsareoneofthecoresofthesurveyissues.Goodorbadsetofstatisticalindicatorssystem,willrelatedtothequalityandcompletenessofthecontentdirectly.Inthepointofviewofcontentsofstatisticsandindexsystem,thetransportationstatisticsinforeigncountriescounttheresultsofoutputandpaymoreattentiontocountthefeaturesoftransportationproductsatthesametime.Statisticsinourcountrymajorinpassengertraffic,passengerturnoverandseveralotherverylimitedsetofindicators,reflectingonlythebasictransportationvolumeproductionsituation,butreflectsthetransportationpropertiesoftheproductisnotenoughsothatbringsusaninconvenienceintherelatedapplicationsofthedata.U.S.DepartmentofTransportationcoversawiderangeofstatisticalindicators,coveringalmostallaspectsoftransportationanddividedintotwocategories:
physicalindicatorsandvalueterms.Physicalindicatorsincludetransportationsystem,equipmentparts,systemstatusandpassengerandfreightturnover.Valuetermsincludetransportationandtheeconomy,transportationexpenses,transportationincome,employmentandproductivity,governmentfinanceandotherparts.
2.2Theconceptoftransportationstatisticsdevelopment
ThedevelopmentgoalsandfunctionsofTransportationStatisticsinChinaaremoretostayintheplannedeconomyeraandlimitedtothetransportationsectorreflectstheoutcomeoftheinternaloutput.Whilelackingreflectstheeconomicalconnectionbetweentheindustriesanditmeanslittletothebuildingofanintegratedtransportationsystemandplanningreferencefortheconstructionoftransportation.Intheconceptoftransportationstatisticsdevelopmentinforeigncountries,theypositiontransportationstatisticstosupportthedevelopmentoftransportationandsocial-economicdevelopment.Andthusattheangleofthecoordinateddevelopmentofvariousmodesoftransportationandoptimizationoftheoverallnationaleconomicsystem,theycombinethevariousmodesoftransportationstatisticsorganicallyfromthestatisticsprojects,statisticalcontent,statisticalindicatorsystemonthecoordinationandcomplementaritiesandformthetransportationstatisticssystemoffullysupportingtransportationdevelopmentandsocial-economicdevelopment.
2.3Theintegrityoftransportationstatistics
InChina,withmanyyears’development,ourstatisticshasimprovedalot,buttheshortcomingsstillexist.Duetotheweaktheoreticalbasisoftransportstatistics,transportationstatisticsshowingprojectswithfeatureofsmallandscattered,thefocusofbalance,lackofsystemandothershortcomings.TransportationStatisticsoftenfocusondatacollec
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- 中美 交通运输 统计 差异 比较
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