作文应试技巧.docx
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作文应试技巧.docx
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作文应试技巧
作文应试技巧
第一单元写作基本要求
一、四种文体
1、记叙文
环境(WHERE)人物(WHO)情节(WHAT)
时间顺序往往是记叙手法的基本线索,用一些表示时间的词语(如:
WHEN,WHILE,BEFORE,AFTER,THEN,DURING,SUDDENLY,ATLAST等等)把一系列事件和动作连接起来,构成一个完整的叙述。
“AnEarlyMorningWalk”
提纲:
1、OnemorningIgotupveryearly,andeverythingaroundwasveryquiet.
2、WhenIarrivedatthepark,Ifound,tomysurprise,thatthereweresomanypeoplethere……
3、……Takingearlymorningwalksmakesamanhealthyandwise.
2、描写文
空间顺序往往是描写手法的基本线索,用一些表示空间的词语(如HERE,THERE,OUTSIDE,ONTHETOPOF,INTHEMIDDLE,AROUND,ABOVE,UNDER,NEAR等等)把一系列地点和物体连接起来,构成一个完整的叙述。
AsIcameintomycousin’sbedroom,Igotreallysurprised,forIhadneverseensuchamessanddisorderintheroomofayoungmanof16yearsoldalready.Ontherightwall,arowofhookswascoveredwithdirtysweet-shirtsandfilthyhats.Directlyinfrontofmewasadustydesk,onwhichscatteredlotsofbooks,someofwhichwereopenasifwaitingformylazybrother’sattention;otherswerepiledupindisorderreadytoslidedownatanymoment.Nearthedesk,therewasatoppledpoorchaironthefloorwithonelegdamaged.What’sworse,thebedwhichwasagainsttheleftwallwasamoreseriousmessandthepairsofsportsshoesandsocksunderthebedgaveoutaterriblesmell.Whataroomatsixesandsevens!
3、说明文
写作目的着重客观陈述、解释说明
例如“HowIOvercomeDifficultiesinLearningEnglish”,“MyIdealJob”等。
4、议论文*
着重于发表自己看法,依靠推理和论证来阐述自己的观点,力图说服读者,使人相信某种道理或某种假设;或要影响别人,使人追随自己所指示的方向。
“Examination”
1、Therearemanyargumentsabouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexamination.
2、Forbothexaminersandexaminees,theexaminationcanshowwhatandhowmuchtheexamineeshavemastered.
3、Insum,examinationdoesmoregoodthatharmforbothexaminersandexaminees.
二、评价一篇文章好坏的标准
一篇优秀作文的标准为:
1.内容切题,有较好的谋篇构段框架,文章结构完整;紧扣主题,转承衔接自然;
2.语法基本正确,句法基本准确,句子与句子、段落之间过渡连贯;
3.用词面广,遣词造句得当,句式、句型有变化,字数符合要求;
4.层次分明,说理清楚,语言流畅,内容充实。
一篇较差的作文表现为:
1.文章不通顺,无段落,无结构,无明显主题;
2.出现很多基本语法错误和拼写错误;
3.词汇量很小,词不达意,缺乏英语表达能力;
4.不像一篇文章,仅是把一些不连贯的词语凑到一起。
文章解析
(1)
Inthepastfiveyears,therehavebeenchangesinpeople’sdiet.Grain,asthemainfoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantroleinpeople’sdiet,whiletheproportionofsomehigh-energyfood,suchasmilk,meathasincreased.
Whatcausedthesechanges?
Ithinktherearetworeasons.First,peoplenowhavemoremoney.Thepriceofmeatandmilkismuchhigherthanthatofgrain.Intheolddays,peoplecouldn’taffordthem.Nowtheyhaveenoughmoneytobutmeatandmilk.Second,peopleofnowadayspaymoreattentiontothestructureoftheirdiet.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.
Inshort,therehavebeenchangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyearsandtherewillbechangesinthefuture,too.
(2)
Inthepastfiveyearspeople’sdiethadchangedquitealot.Thegrainwasnolongerthemainfoodofpeople’sdiet.Itdecreasedfrom49%to45%.Andthepossessionofthefruitandvegetableswasdeclined,either.But,however,thenecessaryofthemilkandmeatwasincreasedwithnodoubt.Suchcaseownedtotworeasons.
Ontheonehand,thelevelofpeople’sliveshadgreatlyadvanced.Moreandmorepeoplecouldaffordtheexpensivefood.Ontheotherhand,modernsciencehadbeendevelopedwithhighspeed.Thenpeoplebegantobeawareofchoosingmoreusefulfood.
Withthedevelopingofthesociety,people’sdietwillchangemoregreatly.
(3)
Dietisveryimportantinpeople’slife.Inpastfive,thereisabigchangeinallkindsoffood.Forexample,Grain.In1986ittakes40percentinDietinafterfouryears.Itdiscrease4percentindiet;Milkincrease3percentinlastfiveyears.Itgrowsto13percentinDiet;Meatin1986-1989,itkepttogrowup.Anin1990,itdown2percent;Fruitandvegetablesisdiscreaseinlastfiveyears.
Whyitwillhavethesechanges.Itistwoside,thefirstispeoplebegantoseethatMilk.Meat.FruitandVegetableareveryimportanceinpeople’sbodies,theotherispeople’slifeisquitegood.TheyhaveenoughmoneytobuyMeat,Milk,Etc.Theyknowhowtobuildthembodies.
Inlastfiveyears.Bigchangesinpeople’sDiet.Itcallusmoreandmorepeopleknow.SharethemDietandbuildthembodies.
三、写作要领
1、审题构思,在获取一个文章题目后,首先根据题目要求进行思维联想,分析题目表达的主要内容和主旨。
2、谋篇构段,草拟提纲。
通过分析题目的内容和主旨,将大脑中形成的信息、资料,分类整理,列出写作提纲、主题句,进行文章段落的筹划(三段作文法)
3、组段成篇,初步成文。
将以上的构思内容、提纲、相关主题句,通过句子扩展,初步整理形成一篇草稿文字。
4、加工修改,润色定稿。
对文章草稿修改润色,以加强文章的说明力及感染力。
请看下面的例子:
DIRECTIONS:
A.Title:
DevelopWesternRegions
B.TimeLimit:
50minutes
C.WordLimit:
nolessthan200words(notincludingthegivensentence)
D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelow
E.YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET
OUTLINE:
1.Thesignificanceandimportanceofdevelopingwestregions
2.Thecauseofitsunderdevelopmentandthepresentsituations
3.TheprospectsoftheWestChina
成文:
DevelopWesternRegions
ThelargescaledevelopmentofWestChinaisofprofoundsignificance.First,itwillopenabroaddevelopmentspaceforcentralandeasternregions.Besides,it’scriticaltoChina’soveralleconomicrise.What’smore,it’stheonlyeffectivewaytodecreasetheimbalanceofeconomicdevelopmentintheeaseandwestsoastorevitalizeournation.
Therearevariousreasonswhythelandlockedwesthaslaggedbehindinitseconomicdevelopment.Thechiefreason,Ithink,isthattheopeninguppoliciesenabletheeasttoluremoreforeigncapitalandmakeafantasticspurinitsdevelopment.Asaresult,itleavesthewestfarbehindinitseconomicgrowth.Inaddition,thewest’suniqueunfavorablegeographicpositionsgreatlylimititsdevelopment.Therefore,thegapsbetweenthewestandtheeasthavebeenwidenedsinceChina’sreform.Infact,manyregionsinthewestwillstillremaincomparativelyunderdeveloped.Toillustrate,mostofthe30millionpoorpopulations,whostillhavesubsistenceproblems,livethere.Moreover,currentlythepercapitalGDPinWestChinaisonlyabout60%ofnationalaverage.AndthevastWestChinamakeslesscontributiontothenation’sdevelopment.Ifleftunchanged,theunderdevelopmentinthewestwillgreatlyaffectoverallprosperityandevensocialstability.
However,thewesternregiondevelopmentisalong-termsystematicproject.Itcallsfortremendouseffortofseveralgenerations.Tosumup,ourchiefgoalistobuildWestChinawitheconomicprosperity,socialprogress,politicalstabilityandbeautifullandscape.Finally,Ibelievethewestwillcatchupwiththeeastinitseconomicdevelopmentinthenearfuture.
(269Words)
课后练习
列出下列作文题目的提纲:
1、DevelopOurCreativeMind
2、ScienceandSuperstition
3、DoClothesMakeaMan?
4、MyFavoriteFormofEntertainment
5、TheImportanceofSelf-education
第二单元十句作文法
一、十句作文法基本模式
“十句作文法”是由有关专家总结出来的一种高分作文方法,同学在经过短期培训后就可将成绩较大幅度提高。
因此在这里加以推荐和介绍,掌握好这种方法,对短时间内写出一篇高分作文十分有帮助。
需要指出的是所谓十句作文法并非一定十句,从很多高分作文来分析,句子数量分布在10句至15句范围(依句子长短和结构不同而不同)。
如以每个句子平均10---15个单词来计算,便能用10---15个句子完成一篇要求200字左右的作文。
其基本模式为:
第一段(开头段)
主旨句(句1)扩展句(句2)
第二段(中间段)
主题句(句3)扩展句(句4)扩展句(句5)扩展句(句6)扩展句(句7)扩展句(句8)小结句(句9)
第三段(结尾段)
结尾句(句10)
EXAMPLE1
Television
Televisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.
(1)(主旨句)ThroughTV,wecanlearnwhatishappeninghalfwayacrosstheworld.
(2)(扩展句)
Televisionalsoplaysanimportanteducationalroleinourdailylife.(3)(主题句)Foronething,theTVuniversityprovidesanopportunityformanyyoungmenwhocannotgotoformaluniversities.(4)(扩展句)Foranother,childrencanbroadentheirscopeofknowledgebywatchingsuchpopularprogramsas“TheAnimalWorld”,and“TheMickeyMouseandDuckDonald”.(5)(扩展句)Besides,womencanlearnaboutthelatestfashionofdressesandthebestrecipeformakingfruitcakes.(6)(扩展句)Furthermore,welearnmanyworldadvancedtechnologiesfromTVprogramssuchascomputerandtelecommunication.(7)(扩展句)Andalsowecanlearnsinging,dancinganddoingphysicalexercisesinsomespecialTVtrainingcourses.(8)(扩展句)Inshort,theeffectofTV’seducationalroleisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.(9)(小结句)
Havingviewedtheseseveralaspects,andwithmanymoreTVprogramsproduced,Ibelievethatourlifewillbecomeevenmoresignificant.(10)(总结句)
(192Words)
EXAMPLE2
ChangesinPeople’sDiet
TherehavebeensomechangesnowadaysinthedietoftheChinese.
(1)(主旨句)Forexample,grain,themainfoodofmostpeopleinChina,isnowplayingalessimportantrole,whiletheconsumptionofhigh-nutritionfoodsuchasmilk,meathasincreased.
(2)(扩展句)
Thechangesindietcanbeaccountedforbyanumberoffactors.(3)(主题句)First,peoplearemuchwealthierthanbefore.(4)(扩展句)Withahigherincome,theycanaffordtobuygoodfoodswhich,inthepast,wererarelyseenonthedinnertablesofordinaryfamilies.(5)(扩展句)Anotherfactoristhatpeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofabalanceddiettotheirhealth.(6)(扩展句)Lackofcertainamountofmeatormilk,forexample,willresultinpoorhealth.(7)(扩展句)Finally,owingtotheeconomicreform,meatandmilk,whichwerescarceinthepast,areproducedinlargequantities.(8)(扩展句)Forallthosereasons,whatwasformerlycalled“thebasketofvegetables”hasbecomethatofvariedfoods.(9)(小结句)
Tosumup,insignificantasthosechangesmayseem,theyarethesignsoftheimprovedeconomicconditioninChina,andwebelievethatastheeffortinthemodernizationmovementcontinues,therewillbegreaterchangesinpeople’sdietinthefuture.(10)(总结句)
(226Words)
EXAMPLE3
Computers—OurElectronicBrain
NowadayscomputershavebeenwidelyusedinChina.
(1)(主旨句)Wecaneasilyfindallkin
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