nature论文.docx
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nature论文.docx
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nature论文
中华人民共和国教育部
东北林业大学
学期论文
课程名称:
美国文学史及选读
论文题目:
Nature(11-20)
指导教师:
副教授
学院:
学院
专业:
班级:
学生:
2016年12月
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Nature
RalphWaldoEmerson
IV
3.Natureisthesymbolofspirit.
1.Wordsaresignsofnaturalfacts.Theuseofnaturalhistoryistogiveusaidinsupernaturalhistory:
theuseoftheoutercreation,togiveuslanguageforthebeingsandchangesoftheinwardcreation.Everywordwhichisusedtoexpressamoralorintellectualfact,iftracedtoitsroot,isfoundtobeborrowedfromsomematerialappearance.Rightmeansstraight;wrongmeanstwisted.Spiritprimarilymeanswind;transgression,thecrossingofaline;supercilious,theraisingoftheeyebrow.Wesaythehearttoexpressemotion,theheadtodenotethought;andthoughtandemotionarewordsborrowedfromsensiblethings,andnowappropriatedtospiritualnature.Mostoftheprocessbywhichthistransformationismade,ishiddenfromusintheremotetimewhenlanguagewasframed;butthesametendencymaybedailyobservedinchildren.Childrenandsavagesuseonlynounsornamesofthings,whichtheyconvertintoverbs,andapplytoanalogousmentalacts.
2.Butthisoriginofallwordsthatconveyaspiritualimport,—soconspicuousafactinthehistoryoflanguage,—isourleastdebttonature.Itisnotwordsonlythatareemblematic;itisthingswhichareemblematic.Everynaturalfactisasymbolofsomespiritualfact.Everyappearanceinnaturecorrespondstosomestateofthemind,andthatstateofthemindcanonlybedescribedbypresentingthatnaturalappearanceasitspicture.Anenragedmanisalion,acunningmanisafox,afirmmanisarock,alearnedmanisatorch.Alambisinnocence;asnakeissubtlespite;flowersexpresstousthedelicateaffections.Lightanddarknessareourfamiliarexpressionforknowledgeandignorance;andheatforlove.Visibledistancebehindandbeforeus,isrespectivelyourimageofmemoryandhope.
Wholooksuponariverinameditativehour,andisnotremindedofthefluxofallthings?
Throwastoneintothestream,andthecirclesthatpropagatethemselvesarethebeautifultypeofallinfluence.Manisconsciousofauniversalsoulwithinorbehindhisindividuallife,wherein,asinafirmament,thenaturesofJustice,Truth,Love,Freedom,ariseandshine.Thisuniversalsoul,hecallsReason:
itisnotmine,orthine,orhis,butweareits;weareitspropertyandmen.Andtheblueskyinwhichtheprivateearthisburied,theskywithitseternalcalm,andfullofeverlastingorbs,isthetypeofReason.Thatwhich,intellectuallyconsidered,wecallReason,consideredinrelationtonature,wecallSpirit.SpiritistheCreator.Spirithathlifeinitself.Andmaninallagesandcountries,embodiesitinhislanguage,astheFATHER.
Itiseasilyseenthatthereisnothingluckyorcapriciousintheseanalogies,butthattheyareconstant,andpervadenature.Thesearenotthedreamsofafewpoets,hereandthere,butmanisananalogist,andstudiesrelationsinallobjects.Heisplacedinthecentreofbeings,andarayofrelationpassesfromeveryotherbeingtohim.Andneithercanmanbeunderstoodwithouttheseobjects,northeseobjectswithoutman.Allthefactsinnaturalhistorytakenbythemselves,havenovalue,butarebarren,likeasinglesex.Butmarryittohumanhistory,anditisfulloflife.WholeFloras,allLinnaeus’andBuffon’svolumes,aredrycataloguesoffacts;butthemosttrivialofthesefacts,thehabitofaplant,theorgans,orwork,ornoiseofaninsect,appliedtotheillustrationofafactinintellectualphilosophy,or,inanywayassociatedtohumannature,affectsusinthemostlivelyandagreeablemanner.Theseedofaplant,—towhataffectinganalogiesinthenatureofman,isthatlittlefruitmadeuseof,inalldiscourse,uptothevoiceofPaul,whocallsthehumancorpseaseed,—“Itissownanaturalbody;itisraisedaspiritualbody.”Themotionoftheearthrounditsaxis,androundthesun,makestheday,andtheyear.Thesearecertainamountsofbrutelightandheat.Butistherenointentofananalogybetweenman’slifeandtheseasons?
Anddotheseasonsgainnograndeurorpathosfromthatanalogy?
Theinstinctsoftheantareveryunimportant,consideredastheant’s;butthemomentarayofrelationisseentoextendfromittoman,andthelittledrudgeisseentobeamonitor,alittlebodywithamightyheart,thenallitshabits,eventhatsaidtoberecentlyobserved,thatitneversleeps,becomesublime.
Becauseofthisradicalcorrespondencebetweenvisiblethingsandhumanthoughts,savages,whohaveonlywhatisnecessary,converseinfigures.Aswegobackinhistory,languagebecomesmorepicturesque,untilitsinfancy,whenitisallpoetry;orallspiritualfactsarerepresentedbynaturalsymbols.Thesamesymbolsarefoundtomaketheoriginalelementsofalllanguages.Ithasmoreoverbeenobserved,thattheidiomsofalllanguagesapproacheachotherinpassagesofthegreatesteloquenceandpower.Andasthisisthefirstlanguage,soisitthelast.Thisimmediatedependenceoflanguageuponnature,thisconversionofanoutwardphenomenonintoatypeofsomewhatinhumanlife,neverlosesitspowertoaffectus.Itisthiswhichgivesthatpiquancytotheconversationofastrong-naturedfarmerorback-woodsman,whichallmenrelish.
Aman’spowertoconnecthisthoughtwithitspropersymbol,andsotoutterit,dependsonthesimplicityofhischaracter,thatis,uponhisloveoftruth,andhisdesiretocommunicateitwithoutloss.Thecorruptionofmanisfollowedbythecorruptionoflanguage.Whensimplicityofcharacterandthesovereigntyofideasisbrokenupbytheprevalenceofsecondarydesires,thedesireofriches,ofpleasure,ofpower,andofpraise,—andduplicityandfalsehoodtakeplaceofsimplicityandtruth,thepowerovernatureasaninterpreterofthewill,isinadegreelost;newimageryceasestobecreated,andoldwordsarepervertedtostandforthingswhicharenot;apapercurrencyisemployed,whenthereisnobullioninthevaults.Induetime,thefraudismanifest,andwordsloseallpowertostimulatetheunderstandingortheaffections.Hundredsofwritersmaybefoundineverylong-civilizednation,whoforashorttimebelieve,andmakeothersbelieve,thattheyseeanduttertruths,whodonotofthemselvesclotheonethoughtinitsnaturalgarment,butwhofeedunconsciouslyonthelanguagecreatedbytheprimarywritersofthecountry,those,namely,whoholdprimarilyonnature.
Butwisemenpiercethisrottendictionandfastenwordsagaintovisiblethings;sothatpicturesquelanguageisatonceacommandingcertificatethathewhoemploysit,isamaninalliancewithtruthandGod.Themomentourdiscourserisesabovethegroundlineoffamiliarfacts,andisinflamedwithpassionorexaltedbythought,itclothesitselfinimages.Amanconversinginearnest,ifhewatchhisintellectualprocesses,willfindthatamaterialimage,moreorlessluminous,arisesinhismind,cotemporaneouswitheverythought,whichfurnishesthevestmentofthethought.Hence,goodwritingandbrilliantdiscourseareperpetualallegories.Thisimageryisspontaneous.Itistheblendingofexperiencewiththepresentactionofthemind.Itispropercreation.ItistheworkingoftheOriginalCausethroughtheinstrumentshehasalreadymade.
Thesefactsmaysuggesttheadvantagewhichthecountry-lifepossessesforapowerfulmind,overtheartificialandcurtailedlifeofcities.Weknowmorefromnaturethanwecanatwillcommunicate.Itslightflowsintothemindevermore,andweforgetitspresence.Thepoet,theorator,bredinthewoods,whosesenseshavebeennourishedbytheirfairandappeasingchanges,yearafteryear,withoutdesignandwithoutheed,—shallnotlosetheirlessonaltogether,intheroarofcitiesorthebroilofpolitics.Longhereafter,amidstagitationandterrorinnationalcouncils,—inthehourofrevolution,—thesesolemnimagesshallreappearintheirmorninglustre,asfitsymbolsandwordsofthethoughtswhichthepassingeventsshallawaken.Atthecallofanoblesentiment,againthewoodswave,thepinesmurmur,theriverrollsandshines,andthecattlelowuponthemountains,ashesawandheardtheminhisinfancy.Andwiththeseforms,thespellsofpersuasion,thekeysofpowerareputintohishands.
3.Wearethusassistedbynaturalobjectsintheexpressionofparticularmeanings.Buthowgreatalanguagetoconveysuchpepper-corninformations!
Diditneedsuchnobleracesofcreatures,thisprofusionofforms,thishostoforbsinheaven,tofurnishmanwiththedictionaryandgrammarofhismunicipalspeech?
Whilstweusethisgrandciphertoexpeditetheaffairsofourpotandkettle,wefeelthatwehavenotyetputittoitsuse,neitherareable.Weareliketravellersusingthecindersofavolcanotoroasttheireggs.Whilstweseethatitalwaysstandsreadytoclothewhatwewouldsay,wecannotavoidthequestion,whetherthecharactersarenotsignificantofthemselves.Havemountains,andwaves,andskies,nosignificancebutwhatweconsciouslygivethem,whenweemploythemasemblemsofourthoughts?
Theworldisemblematic.Partsofspeecharemetapho
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