重庆大学考博英语.docx
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重庆大学考博英语.docx
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重庆大学考博英语
2011年GMAT考试阅读材料5(附答案)
Howmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblems?
Thisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanyways,oursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinners,whenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistence,andwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluence,theriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearner,thegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployed,andimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwagelevel,theoverwhelmingmajorityarefrommultiple-earner,relativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforce,sothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.
Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonth,thosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemployment,eventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttallies,thereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfull-timework,orelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finally,incometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderly,disabled,anddependent,neglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoor,sothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandin-kindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.
Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidence,itisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultoflabormarketproblemsnumberinthehundredsofthousandsorthetensofmillions,and,hence,whetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpoverty,employment,andearningsstatisticsareinadequateforonetheirprimaryapplications,measuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.
1.Whichofthefollowingistheprincipaltopicofthepassage?
(A)Whatcauseslabormarketpathologiesthatresultinsuffering
(B)Whyincomemeasuresareimpreciseinmeasuringdegreesofpoverty
(C)Whichofthecurrentlyusedstatisticalproceduresarethebestforestimatingtheincidenceofhardshipthatisduetounemployment
(D)Wheretheareasofagreementareamongpoverty,employment,andearningsfigures
(E)Howsocialstatisticsgiveanunclearpictureofthedegreeofhardshipcausedbylowwagesandinsufficientemploymentopportunities
2.Theauthoruses“labormarketproblems”inlines1-2torefertowhichofthefollowing?
(A)Theoverallcausesofpoverty
(B)Deficienciesinthetrainingoftheworkforce
(C)Traderelationshipsamongproducersofgoods
(D)Shortagesofjobsprovidingadequateincome
(E)Strikesandinadequatesuppliesoflabor
3.Theauthorcontraststhe1930’swiththepresentinordertoshowthat
(A)morepeoplewereunemployedinthe1930’s
(B)unemploymentnowhaslesssevereeffects
(C)socialprogramsaremoreneedednow
(D)therenowisagreaterproportionofelderlyandhandicappedpeopleamongthoseinpoverty
(E)povertyhasincreasedsincethe1930’s
4.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?
(A)Innovativeprogramsusingmultipleapproachesshouldbesetuptoreducethelevelofunemployment.
(B)Acompromiseshouldbefoundbetweenthepositionsofthosewhoviewjoblessnessasanevilgreaterthaneconomiccontrolandthosewhoholdtheoppositeview.
(C)Newstatisticalindicesshouldbedevelopedtomeasurethedegreetowhichunemploymentandinadequatelypaidemploymentcausesuffering.
(D)Considerationshouldbegiventothewaysinwhichstatisticscanactaspartialcausesofthephenomenathattheypurporttomeasure.
(E)Thelaborforceshouldberestructuredsothatitcorrespondstotherangeofjobvacancies.
5.Theauthor’spurposeincitingthosewhoarerepeatedlyunemployedduringatwelve-monthperiodismostprobablytoshowthat
(A)thereareseveralfactorsthatcausethepaymentoflowwagestosomemembersofthelaborforce
(B)unemploymentstatisticscanunderestimatethehardshipresultingfromjoblessness
(C)recurrentinadequaciesinthelabormarketcanexistandcancausehardshipsforindividualworkers
(D)amajorityofthosewhoarejoblessatanyonetimetonotsufferseverehardship
(E)therearefewerindividualswhoarewithoutjobsatsometimeduringayearthanwouldbeexpectedonthebasisofmonthlyunemploymentfigures
6.Theauthorstatesthatthemitigatingeffectofsocialprogramsinvolvingincometransfersontheincomeleveloflow-incomepeopleisoftennotfeltby
(A)theemployedpoor
(B)dependentchildreninsingle-earnerfamilies
(C)workerswhobecomedisabled
(D)retiredworkers
(E)full-timeworkerswhobecomeunemployed
7.Accordingtothepassage,onefactorthatcausesunemploymentandearningsfigurestooverpredicttheamountofeconomichardshipisthe
(A)recurrenceofperiodsofunemploymentforagroupoflow-wageworkers
(B)possibilitythatearningsmaybereceivedfrommorethanonejobperworker
(C)factthatunemploymentcountsdonotincludethosewhoworkforlowwagesandremainpoor
(D)establishmentofasystemofrecord-keepingthatmakesitpossibletocompilepovertystatistics
(E)prevalence,amonglow-wageworkersandtheunemployed,ofmembersoffamiliesinwhichothersareemployed
8.Theconclusionstatedinlines33-39aboutthenumberofpeoplewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenessdependsprimarilyonthepointthat
(A)intimesofhighunemployment,therearesomepeoplewhodonotremainunemployedforlong
(B)thecapacityforself-supportdependsonreceivingmoderate-to-highwages
(C)thoseinforcedidlenessinclude,besidestheunemployed,bothunderemployedpart-timeworkersandthosenotactivelyseekingwork
(D)atdifferenttimesduringtheyear,differentpeopleareunemployed
(E)manyofthosewhoareaffectedbyunemploymentaredependentsofunemployedworkers
9.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,isthebestcriticismoftheauthor’sargumentconcerningwhypovertystatisticscannotproperlybeusedtoshowtheeffectsofproblemsinthelabormarket?
(A)Ashort-termincreaseinthenumberofthoseinpovertycanindicateashortageofjobsbecausethebasicnumberofthoseunabletoacceptemploymentremainsapproximatelyconstant.
(B)Forthosewhoareinpovertyasaresultofjoblessness,therearesocialprogramsavailablethatprovideaminimumstandardofliving.
(C)Povertystatisticsdonotconsistentlyagreewithearningsstatistics,wheneachistakenasameasureofhardshipresultingfromunemployment.
(D)Theelderlyandhandicappedcategoriesincludemanywhopreviouslywereemployedinthelabormarket.
(E)Sincethelabormarketisglobalinnature,poorworkersinonecountryarecompetingwithpoorworkersinanotherwithrespecttothelevelofwagesandtheexistenceofjobs.
参考答案:
EDBCBADEA
Modernmanufacturers,whoneedreliablesourcesofmaterialsandtechnologicallyadvancedcomponentstooperateprofitably,faceanincreasinglydifficultchoicebetweenowningtheproducersoftheseitems(apracticeknownasbackwardintegration)andbuyingfromindependentproducers.Manufacturerswhointegratemayreapshort-termrewards,buttheyoftenrestricttheirfuturecapacityforinnovativeproductdevelopment.
Backwardintegrationremovestheneedforsomepurchasingandmarketingfunctions,centralizersoverhead,andpermitsmanufacturerstoeliminateduplicatedeffortsinresearchanddevelopment.Wherecomponentsarecommodities(ferrousmetalsorpetroleum,forexample),backwardintegrationalmostcertainlyboostsprofits.Nevertheless,becauseproductinnovationmeansadoptingthemosttechnologicallyadvancedandcost-effectivewaysofmakingcomponents,backwardintegrationmayentailaseriousriskforatechnologicallyactivecompany-forexample,aproducerofsophisticatedconsumerelectronics.
Acompanythatdecidestomakeratherthanbuyimportantpartscanlockitselfintoanoutdatedtechnology.Independentsuppliersmaybeunwillingtoshareinnovationswithassemblerswithwhomtheyarecompeting.Moreover,whenanassemblersetsouttomasterthetechnologyofproducingadvancedcomponents,theresultingdemandsonitsresourcesmaycompromiseitsabilitytoassemblethesecomponentssuccessfullyintoendproducts.Long-termcontractswithsupplierscanachievemanyofthesamecostbenefitsasbackwardintegrationwithoutcompromisingacompany’sabilitytoinnovate.
However,movingawayfrombackwardintegrationisnotacompletesolutioneither.Developinginnovativetechnologi
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