英语人际称谓中的性别歧视.docx

英语人际称谓中的性别歧视.docx

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英语人际称谓中的性别歧视

OnGenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation

By

YangDaiyu

Athesis

submittedtotheForeignLanguageandLiteratureDepartmentof

BaojiUniversityofArtsandSciencesinpartialfulfillmentof

therequirementforthedegreeof

BACHELOROFARTS

in

ENGLISHLANGUAGE

Baoji,Shaanxi

May,2014

OnGenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation

YangDaiyu

Abstract:

Appellation,asanimportantpartoflanguagesystem,hasacloserelationwithgender.AndtherelationshipbetweenEnglishinterpersonalappellationandgenderdiscriminationhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportantareaofsociolinguisticsinrecentyears.Hence,thispaperintendstoemphaticallyresearchthephenomenaandthecausesofgenderdiscriminationinEnglishinterpersonalappellationandcomestoaconclusionthatgenderdiscriminationinEnglishinterpersonalappellationcannotdisappear.Thispaperfirstexplainsthedefinitionoftheappellationandgenderdiscrimination,andthengoesontodiscusshowdiscriminationagainstfemalesisrevealedinnames,socialidentityandthereference.Itthenanalyzesthecausesofgenderdiscriminationfromthehistorical,socialandreligiousperspective.Toeradicatethesexualdiscriminationinappellation,peopleneedtoeradicatetheconceptofgenderdiscriminationinthesociety,changethestatusofamale-dominatedsociety,andmakepeoplebeawareoftruesenseofequalitybetweenmalesandfemaletogivefemaleequalrespectandattention.Hence,thedetailedwaysofeliminatinggenderdiscriminationwillbediscussedinthispaper.

Keywords:

Englishinterpersonalappellation;genderdiscrimination;equality

英语人际称谓中的性别歧视

杨岱玉

【内容摘要】:

人际称谓，作为语言系统的一个重要组成部分，与性别有着密切的关系。

近年来，英语人际称谓和性别歧视之间的关系在社会语言学中已经成为一个越来越重要的领域。

因此，本文试图着重分析英语人际称谓中的性别歧视的现象和原因，并得出结论，其中的性别歧视就不会消失。

本文首先从定义上阐述了人际称谓和性别歧视这两个术语，并进一步地讨论对女性的歧视是如何体现在姓名，交际，指代称谓这三个方面的，继而从历史的，社会的，宗教的观点分析了性别歧视的原因。

本文也探讨了消除性别歧视的具体方法。

想要消除英语人际称谓中的性别歧视，人们需要根除性别歧视在社会的概念，改变这个男性主导社会的地位，使人们意识到真正意义上的男性和女性之间的平等，给女性平等的尊重和关注。

【关键词】:

英语人际称谓；性别歧视；平等

CONTENTS

Ⅰ.Introduction………………………………………………………….…..…1

Ⅱ.GenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation…………………………………………..…….…….……......2

2.1Interpersonalappellation………………………………….…….……2

2.2Genderdiscrimination……………………………………………....…3

2.3ManifestationofgenderdiscriminationphenomenainEnglishinterpersonalappellation……………………………………………......…4

2.3.1Names…………………………………..………………….………….…4

2.3.2Socialidentity………….………………………………….……………5

2.3.3Reference…………………………….…………………….……………6

Ⅲ.TheCausesofGenderDiscriminationPhenomenoninEnglishInterpersonalAppellation..…….………………...…7

3.1Thehistoricalcondition………………………………….……………7

3.2Thesocialbackground……………………………….……………..…8

3.3Thereligiouscauses………………………………..….……………..…9

Ⅳ.EliminatingGenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation…….……………………………………10

4.1Temporarysolution……………………..…………………….………10

4.2Permanentsolution………………………………………...….………11

Ⅴ.Conclusion……………………………………….………….……...….…12

References…………………………………………………….……..…………14

Acknowledgements…………………………………………….……………15

OnGenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation

Ⅰ.Introduction

Foralongtime,genderdiscriminationhasexistedinthesocietyofeveryculture,hasinfluencedpeople’sperspectivesandvaluesandhasleavedadeepimprintera.Historicallyandsociologically,people’ssocietyisman-orientedandman-centered.“Englishisandocentricbecausecenturieshasbeenevolvinginasocietywheremenhavebeendominant.”（Miller﹠Swift,2007:

83）Women,regardedbeenaweakergenderinsociety,arediscriminatedforalongperiodandcompletelysubordinatedinpoliticallife,economiclifeandevenfamilylifeinthesocietydominatedbymen.Withthedevelopmentofsociety,sexualdiscriminationbegantofadeslowly,butitstillexistsandembodiesinvariousfieldsofsociety.Unavoidably,thiskindofphenomenonhasalsobeenembodiedinEnglishlanguage.

Languageandgenderdiscriminationisapopularresearchtopicinlinguisticsandsociallinguistics.Linguistswhoarebothathomeandabroadhavedonealotofmeaningfulexploration,andprovethatthereisgenderdiscriminationinlanguage,andthenexpoundthecausesofgenderdiscrimination.Forexample,Lakoffputforwardtheterm“Women’sLanguage”andpublishedLanguageandWoman’sPlacein1973.Inhisbook,hepointedthatmaleisatthecenterposition,andfemale’simageisincompleteintheworldpicturereflectedbylanguage.Genderdifferenceintheirlanguageuseistheembodimentoftheunequalsocialstatusbetweenmaleandfemale.Itestablishedthelaterfundamentalkeystudiesthatexploredandconfirmedmenandwomen’sdifferencesinlanguage.Asanimportantcomponentofthevocabularysystemoflanguage,interpersonalappellationhasthesamegenderdifference.Infact,ChinesescholarstriedtoresearchtheEnglishinterpersonalappellation.SomescholarsmakeacomparisonbetweenEnglishinterpersonalappellationandChineseinterpersonalappellation,andChinesescholarsresearchandanalyzesomerelatedphenomenaandoriginsofgenderdiscriminationinChineseinterpersonalappellation.Thesescholars’researchesmakepeoplerealizethegenderdiscriminationininterpersonalappellationandunderstandsomerelatedcausesofthegenderdiscrimination.Theresearchaboutgenderdiscriminationininterpersonalappellationarenotenoughcomprehensiveandneedtomakethefurtheranalysisandresearch,especiallytheinfluencesforsociety.

However,manyscholarsresearchthegenderdiscriminationinChineseinterpersonalappellation.Hence,thispaperfocusesongenderdiscriminationinEnglishinterpersonalappellation,analyzesgenderdiscriminationphenomenainEnglishinterpersonalappellationandtherelevantcauses,andputsforwardthemeasuresofeliminatinggenderdiscrimination.Ofcourse,thispaperstressesespeciallytheanalysisofthephenomenaofthediscriminationagainstfemaleinEnglishinterpersonalappellation,whichreformstopromotetheevolutionofthelanguagetowardstherealizationofequalitybetweenmenandwomen.

Ⅱ.GenderDiscriminationinEnglishInterpersonalAppellation

Asasocialproblemwithalonghistory,genderdiscriminationexistsinanylanguage,reflectingthedependenceanddiscriminationfromwhichwomensufferinasocietydominatedbymen.Inthefollowing,interpersonalappellation,genderdiscriminationanddiscriminationphenomenoninEnglishinterpersonalappellationwillbeillustrated.

2.1Interpersonalappellation

Interpersonalappellationisawordorwordsbywhichsomeoneiscalledandclassifiedordistinguishedfromothers.Interpersonalappellationisthecallofidentityorthenameofonepartytoanotherincertainlanguageenvironment,whichusedtobecalledthenameoffamilyrelationshipornot.“Interpersonalappellationisanindispensablepartofthecompletesemanticsystem,whichhaswidelyappliedinsociallife.”（Su,2010:

29）Interpersonalappellationthatisthesalutationtoothersisnotonlyalanguagephenomenon,butalsosocialandculturalphenomenon.Inanylanguage,interpersonalappellationplaysanessentialroleinsocialetiquette.Inreality,interpersonalappellationistheperson’sdeixisthatspeakerusedtocallothersinlanguagecommunication.Interpersonalappellationnotonlyexpressesrespect,intimacy,contemptandotherfeelingsofthespeakertothelistener,butalsoplaysarolethatestablishakindofspecificsocialrelationsbetweenthem.Atthesametime,itwouldreflectparticularculturallevelandthetraditionalconsumerhabits,historicalbackgroundandvariousculturalfactors.Inallethnicgroupsindailycommunication,appellationplaysanimportantrole,whichnotonlyhasthefunctionofpersonaldeixis,butalsohasthefunctionofpoliteness.Forthedifferentvaluesandculturalbackgroundbetweenthevariousnationalities,thenumberofwordsandreferentialscopeisdifferentindifferentnationalities

2.2Genderdiscrimination

Likeracialdiscriminationandagediscrimination,genderdiscriminationisalsoregardedasakindofideology,whichisakindofideologyofmaintainingtheinequalitybetweenmaleandfemale.“Genderdiscriminationismainlytoadvocatetherationalityofthemensuperiortowomenthroughthestressandexaggerationofthenaturalandphysiologicaldifferences.”（Wang,2007:

53）Genderdiscriminationisacommonphenomenonofhumansociety,anditusuallyreferstodiscriminationofmenagainstwomen,whichistheprejudiceagainstfemaleandthereflectionofunequalsocialstatusbetweenmaleandfemale.“Womenhavelongbeenregardedastheweaker/secondsexandthemen'sfoilandaccessories.”（Chen,2012:

45）Sotospeak,genderdiscriminationistheunequaltreatmentofmembersofonegendertothemembersofanothergender,especiallytheunequaltreatmentofmentowomen.

Genderdiscriminationagainstfemalemainlymanifestsintheemployment,familiallife,work,socialstatusandthelanguage.However,inthelanguage,genderdiscriminationembodiesinEnglishwordformation,wordorder,semanticchanges,interpersonalappellationandsoon.InEnglishwordformation,therearemanyprofessionalwordsmadeupofasuffix“-man”,suchas,spokesman，congressman，freshman，sportsman，chairmanetc.,whichobviouslyignoredtheexistenceofthefemale.Inwordorder,Englishwordsoftenabidebytheprinciples:

Masculinityinformer,femininityinlatter.However,LadiesandGentlemenisanexception.Mr.Mrs.Smith;husbandandwife;KingandQueen;fatherandmother;brotherandsistersarethebestexamples.Insemanticchanges,somefemalewords’meaningsarecommendatory,butlaterslowlyturnintoderogatoryterm.Forexample,InBritain,