Unit15 The Applications ofComputers.docx

Unit15 The Applications ofComputers.docx

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Unit15TheApplicationsofComputers

PARTⅢCOMPUTERCONTROLSYSTEM

Unit15TheApplicationsofComputers

KeyWordsandTerms

1.tediousadj.单调乏味的，沉闷的,冗长乏味的

2.trajectoryn.轨道,弹道,轨线

3.artilleryn.火炮,炮兵,炮术

4.simultaneousadj.同时的,同时发生的

5.statisticadj.统计的,统计学的

6.censusn.人口普查

7.categorizevt.分类,归类

8.retrievev.重新得到

9.exclusiveadj.排外的,独占的,唯一的

10.optimaladj.最佳的,最优的

11.unrivalledadj.无可匹敌的，极好的

12.algorithmn.算法

13.iterativeadj.重复的,反复的,迭代的

14.embarkon从事,着手

15.fabricationn.制作,构成,伪造

16.patentn.专利权,执照,专利品

17.inventoryn.库存，存货清单

18.allowanceforfinish加工余量

19.asynchronousadj.不同时的,异步的

20.topologyn.拓扑,布局，拓扑学

21.transpondern.发射机应答器

-chron-：

wordroot：

time

例：

chronica.长时间的、慢性的synchronousa.同步的、同时的

synchronoscopen.同步示波器chronologyn.年表

NotationsandTranslation

Theuseofcomputerhasbeenuniversalinnearlyallworksoflifeindevelopedcountries.Herearesomeexamplesforapplicationofcomputers:

计算机的应用在发达国家日常生活中几乎是很普遍了。

下面是计算机应用的例子。

1.ScientificCalculations.Theearliestcomputerswerecreatedtotakethejobofscientificcalculationswhichinvolvedcomplexanddifficultmathematicsortime–consuming,tediousandrepetitive,numericalcalculation.Forexample,calculatingthetrajectoryofartilleryshellsrequiresresolvingasetofdifferentialequationsinafewsecondsordesigningalargedaminvolvesresolvingsetsifsimultaneousalgebraicequationswhichmayhaveuptohundredsofvariablesmaytakemathematiciansyears,butcanbedonebyacomputerprograminhours.

1.科学计算.计算机的出现最初就是用于科学计算的。

不管是多么复杂和困难的数学问题或者是费时、单调、重复的数值计算。

例如，计算弹道轨迹要求在数秒钟内求解一组微分方程；或者设计一个大坝可能要求解有数百个变量的联立代数方程，也许要花上数学家数年的时间，但是计算机只要数小时的时间即可完成。

2.DataProcessing.Computershavebeenwidelyusedindataprocessing,forexample,accounting,statistics,andcensus.Theoperationsinvolvedareverysimple-addition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivision,buttheamountofdataisoverwhelming,beyondhumancapabilityandpatience.Databaseproducts,forinstance,Lotus-1-2-3providetheuserwithformaldatastructuresforsorting,categorizing,storing,accessing,retrievingdata.Withdatabasesoftwareequipped,thecomputercanhandledatatothesatisfactionoftheuser.

2.数据处理.计算机已经广泛用于数据处理，例如，会计、统计和人口普查。

这些工作所包含的不过是简单的加减乘除运算，但是数据量多得惊人，超出了人的能力和耐心。

数据库产品，例如，Lotus1-2-3,为用户提供了规范的数据格式，用于分类、归类、存储、访问和检索数据。

配备有数据库软件的计算机可以为用户提供满意的数据处理功能。

3.AutomaticControl.Computerstakeoverthejobswhichusedtobeexclusiveforhumanswithspecialskillandknowledge,forexample,controllingproductiveprocess,manipulatingmachines,inspectingproductquality,managingproductionplans,administeringinventory,etc.,（=Etcetera）allonanautomaticscalewithhighefficiencyandaccuracy.InNC（NumericalControl）systems,PIDcontrolsystems,servocontrolsystems,groupcontrolsystems,optimalcontrolandadaptivecontrolsystems,computersasacentralcontrolunittakeallrelevantcalculationsinvolvedintheautomaticcontrolprocessandscheduleallotherworkingunitsinthesystem.TheCIMS（ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem）containsnotonlyaproductioncontrolsystembutalsoproductionplanningandmanagementsystemsaimingattheintegrationoffactoryautomation（FA）andofficeautomation（OA）,constitutingacomputernetworkforawholecompany.TheHIMS（HumanIntegratedManufacturingSystem）isaformofhigh-levelcomputercontrol.Virtualrealitytechnologyisusedtocreatevirtualspaceforhumanoperatorsthroughtheuseofhigh-performancecomputersandspecificsoftware.

3.自动控制.计算机取代了过去是需要人的特殊技巧和知识的工作。

例如，控制生产过程、操纵机器、检查产品质量、生产计划管理和库存管理等等，一切都是自动的且效率和精度都很高。

在数控系统、PID控制系统、伺服系统、群控系统、最优和自适应控制系统中，计算机都是作为一个中心控制单元，进行与过程自动控制有关的各种运算并对系统中的其他单元进行调度。

CIMS（计算机集成制造系统）不仅包含生产控制系统而且还包含了生产规划和管理系统，其目标是集成工厂自动化（FA）和办公自动化（OA）并为整个公司构成一个计算机网络。

HIMS（人集成制造系统）是计算机控制的一种高层形式。

虚拟现实技术通过使用高性能计算机以及特殊的软件来为操作员创立一个虚拟的空间。

4.ComputerSimulation.Computersimulationasapowerfulanalytictoolwidelyusedinscientificresearchandengineeringdesigndemonstratesunrivalledadvantages.Withcomputersimulationscientistsandengineersdonothavetobuildrealhardwaremodelsorprimaryprototypeswhentheyobserveanunknownphenomenon,analyzeacomplexprocess,designamachineorabuilding.Computersimulationisparticularlysignificantwhentheobjectunderstudyandexaminationiscostlyoritisimpossibletobuilditintoarealmodel.

Virtuallycomputersimulationisbasedinmathematicalmodelsrepresentingthenatureoftheobjectunderstudyorexamination.Themathematicalmodelcomprisesaseriesofequationsthatdepicttheinherentprocessoftheobjectinmathematicalterms.Acomputersimulationsystemprogramincludesalgorithmsthatarederivedfromthoseequations.Manycomputersimulationsystemshavebeendevelopedandprovedtobecost-effective,becauseusingcomputersimulationprograms,engineerscanaccomplishiterativeprocesseachtimebyinputtingdifferentschemesandparametersintotheircomputermodelsratherthanbuildingmanydifferentrealmodels.

虚拟的计算机仿真是建立在能够代表要研究的对象的数学模型之上的。

该数学模型包含了一组描述了对象内在过程的数学方程。

一个计算机仿真程序包含了从以上方程推导出来的算法。

5.Robotics.Thecontrollerinarobotismostlyacomputer--frommicroprocessorstominicomputers.NC（NumericalControl）andSC（ServoControl）arewidelyused.Theyarereprogrammabletoproducesequencesofinstructionforallmovementsandactionstobetakenbytherobot,inaccordancewiththeprogram.Forexample,acontrollersendsaseriesofpulsestoastepmotorinajointofarobotarmtorotateitacertainangleexactlyastheprogramrequires.Whenalljointsdriveninthesameway,therobotarmcanreachthedesignedpositionandattitude,anditsendeffecterperformsitsjobsasthecontrollerinstructsit.Theaccuracyofmovementisdeterminedbythecontrolleritself.

6.CADandCAM.CAD（Computer-aideDesign）issoftwarethatcanhelpengineersintheirdesignsfornewproducts,buildings,printcircuitboards,civilworkslikebridgesandairports,relievingthemfromthetedious,back-breakingandtime-consumingjobslikedraftinganddrawing.Whenembarkingontheirdesigns.CADproductsincorporatethecontentofallthesemanualsintoseriesoflibrariesinthesoftwareproduct,providingtheengineerswithinformation,forinstance,names,dimensions,functions,performances,specifications,shapes,colors,manufactures,pricesofthemachines,parts,tools,materials,etc.-allnecessaryforengineeringdesigns.

CAD是这样的软件，可以帮助工程师设计新产品、建筑、印刷线路板、桥梁和机场等土木工程；使他们从绘图等繁琐、累人和费时的工作中解脱出来。

CAM（Computer-aidedManufacture）issoftwarehelpingengineerstoanalyzeaproductoraproject,andgiveadviceformanufacturingitorconstructingit.Datas,diagrams,tables,etc.showingitsshape,dimension,structure,fabricationandthematerialitismadefromareinputasthesoftwarerequires①.Thenitwillgiveoutsuggestionsaboutitsmanufacturing,forinstance,machiningprocedure,machinetoolsandfacilitiestobeused,technicalparameterslikeallowanceforfinish,machiningaccuracy,aswellasspecialprocessing.

7.Management.Managementisoneofthedecisivefactorsthattellsuccessorfailureofanybank,corporation,firm,university,researchinstituteincompetition.Managementisacomprehensivetechnique,involvingeveryaspectoftheunit–task（products,inventions,creations,andpatents）,personnel（administrators,clerks,technicians,andservants）,finance,realestate,equipment,etc.Computerizedmanagementissoftwaredesignedtoprovidetoolsformanagementinanyprofession,forexample,regulationofpersonnel,accounting,sales,inventory,taxation,wages,etc..Everykindofsoftwareembodiestheuptodatetheoryandmethodinitsprofession,andisrathereasytolearn.Moreandmoremanagementsoftwareproductsemerge,takingtheplaceofhumanmanagers.

管理是一个银行、公司、学校、研究机构在竞争中是否成功的决定性因素。

Taskn.任务、工作、作业、艰苦的事情、难作的事情

realestate不动产

注：

corporation,和firm都是公司，只是大小的差别而已。

8.ComputerizedCommunication.Progressinthisfieldbeganintheearly1960s,whenwewitnessedtheproblemofconnectingremoteuserterminalstocentralcomputerfacilities.Thesolutiontothatproblemwerethenbasedinasynchronouslow–speedlinesorganizedineitherastartopologywithalinededicatedtoeachterminal,oratreetopologywithmultidroplines②.Bytheendofthe60s,thefieldhadmadeamajorleapwiththeadventofdistributedresource-sharingnetworks.Thegoalwastoallowthesharing,byalluserconnectedtothenetworkisARPANET,whichbeganimplementationin1969.

Aradio-basedterminal–accessnetworkcalledtheALOHAsystemwasbuiltattheuniversityofHawaiiin1970.SatellitetransponderintheINTERNETequippedwithaglobalcoverageantennacantransmitdatausingthegroundstations,thusachievingfullconnectivityamongthem.Optics-fibercablesconnectingremoteuserterminalstocentralcomputerfacilitiescantransmitdata,graphs,videoandaudiosignalsbetterthananyexistingnetworks.

9.AdvancedApplications.Artificialintelligence（AI）isasubdivisionofcomputerscience.Itspurposeistodeveloptheoryandmethodtocreate“intelligent’’computerprogramsthatworkinahuman-likeway,ratherthansubjectinghumanuserstothestereotypedcomputer–dominatedworkingstyle.Inasenseofanalogy,humanintelligenceisaddedtocomputerprogramswhichthenexhibitmoreintelligentbehaviorandmoreextensiveability,forexample,thinkingandreasoning,acquiringknowledgeandapplyingittosolvingmorecomplexanddifficultproblemsthatpresentcomputerscan’t.

Subdivisionn.分支

Notes

①Datas,diagrams,tables,etc.showingitsshape,dimension,structure,fabricationandthematerialitismadefromareinputasthesoftwarerequires.

表示产品形状、尺寸、结构、组成和制造材料的数据、图形和表格