RADIATION SAFETY MANUAL辐射安全手册英 文版.docx
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RADIATIONSAFETYMANUAL辐射安全手册英文版
RADIATIONSAFETYMANUAL
Revision6.16June2014
Contents
Page
Introduction3
1General4
2NormalOperatingProcedures5
2.1BasicPrinciplesofControl5
2.2GeneralProceduresforWorkingwithRadioactiveMaterials5
2.3MethodsofProtection5
2.3.1TheExternalRadiationHazard6
2.3.2TheInternalRadiationHazard7
2.4ProcedurefortheProcurementandUseofRadioactive8
2.5ScanningElectronMicroscopes–MSTDepartment9
2.6PHILIPSX-RayDiffractionSpectroscope–MSTandCESDept.9
2.7DualEnergyX-RayAbsorptiometerDXA10
2.8SealedRadioactiveSources–PhysicsDepartment10
2.9UnsealedRadioactiveSources–CESDept.11
2.10SecurityandSafetyofLicensedItems12
3EmergencyOperatingProcedures13
3.1PersonalContamination13
3.2EmergencyContactDetails(outofhours)13
4MonitoringforRadiationandContamination14
4.1MonitoringtheWorkplace14
4.2PersonalRadiationMonitoring14
4.3PortableRadiationMonitoringEquipment15
4.4PortableSurfaceContaminationMonitoringEquipment15
4.5WipeTestingofSealedSources15
4.6MaintenanceProceduresfortheIrradiatingEquipment16
4.7MonitoringofI-125Contamination16
4.8Wipe-testingofSealedI-129Source18
4.9StorageanddisposalofRadioactiveWaste19
I-125LaboratorySafetyPoster21
5RadiologicalProtectionAdministration22
5.1RoleoftheHeadsofDepartment22
5.2RoleoftheRadiologicalProtectionAdvisor22
5.3RoleoftheRadiologicalProtectionOfficer22
5.4RoleoftheDepartmentalRadiologicalProtectionSupervisors22
5.5AdministrationforRadiologicalProtectionattheUniversityofLimerick23
6InterventionPlanandEmergencyPlanforRadiologicalAccidents
6.1Introduction26
6.2Purposeofplan26
6.3Organisationalstructureandresponsibilities26
6.4Teamresponsibilities29
6.5CrisisscenariosinvolvingradioactivesourcesorX-rayapparatus30
6.6Calloutprocedures32
References33
Tables
Table1Maintypesofionisingradiation’sandtheirhazards
Introduction
TheStatutoryrequirementsfortheprotectionofworkersandgeneralpublicagainstthedangerofradiationarebasedonthefollowingthreefundamentalprinciples:
-
(a)everyactivityresultinginanexposuretoionisingradiationshallbejustifiedbytheadvantageswhichitproduces;
(b)allexposuresshallbeaslowasreasonablyachievable(theALARAprinciple);
(c)thedoseequivalenttoindividualsshallnotexceedtheprescribedlimits.
Forthepurposesofthismanualradioactivematerialscanbeclassifiedintotwogroups-unsealeddispersibleradioactivematerialandsealedsources.Thefollowingdefinitionsapply:
-
(a)aradioactivesubstanceisanysubstancewhichissuspectedtohaveanactivityconcentrationgreaterthanthevaluestatedinSI125of2000;
(b)asealedsourceisaradioactivematerialwhollybondedwithinasolidinactivematerialorencapsulatedinareceptaclesothatnoleakagecanoccurduringstorageorforeseeableconditionsofuse(RefertoISO2919);
(c)unsealeddispersibleradioactivematerialisradioactivematerialnotconsideredtobeasealedsource.
Workwithradioactivesubstancesisperhapsmorestringentlycontrolledthansomeaspectsofchemicalresearch,andthisisreflectedinIrishlegislationforthehandlingofradioactivematerials.
Section1
1.General
1.1TheUniversityofLimerickacademicDepartmentsshallcomplywiththeconditionsoftheRPIILicenseinthecontrolanduseofradioactivesubstancesandirradiatingapparatus.
1.2TheRadiationSafetyManualisfortheuseandguidanceofallUniversitystaffforwhomitisrelevant.TheprovisionsoftheRadiationSafetyManualaretosupplementtherequirementsoftheRPIILicenceandshallbeobservedinfull.
Section2
2NormalOperatingProcedures
2.1BasicPrinciplesofControl
Therearethreemainprinciplesofcontrolagainsttheinternalradiationhazard:
(a)containment;
(b)cleanliness;
(c)useoftheleasttoxicradioactivematerialthatissuitable,andtheminimumquantitiesinallexperiments.
Thetwomethodsofcontainmentofoperationsmostwidelyusedarepartialcontainmentbymeansoffumecupboards,andcompletecontainmentbymeansofgloveboxes.
2.2GeneralProceduresforWorkingwithRadioactiveMaterials
Thefollowingworkingpracticesandproceduresshouldbeadopted:
(a)thelaboratorybenchshouldbemaintainedinatidyandorderlystate;
(b)thereshouldbenounnecessaryaccumulationofradioactivematerials;
(c)anysurfacecontaminationarisingduringanoperationshouldbecleaned-upimmediately;
2.3MethodsofProtection
Everyattemptmustbemadetolimitthedegreeofexposureachievedthroughworkingwithradioactivematerialsorradiationsources.Table1liststhetypesofradiationwhichmaybeencountered.Theirrangeinairvarieswiththeirnatureandenergyandgivesrisetotwotypesofradiologicalhazard-internalandexternal.
Radiationtype
Mainhazardtopersonnel
Protection
Alphaparticles
Internal
Containment
Betaparticles
Internalandexternalskindose
Containment,localshieldingandexposuretime
Gamma&X-rays
External
Distances,shieldingandexposuretime
Neutrons
External
Specialshieldingandexposuretime
Table1Maintypesofionisingradiation’sandtheirhazards
2.3.1TheExternalRadiationHazard
Thebasicmethodsofprotectionagainstexternalradiationare:
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(a)restrictionofthestrengthofeverysourcetotheminimumnecessaryforthetaskinhand;
(b)theuseofthemaximumamountofdistancebetweenthesourceandtheoperator,compatiblewiththesatisfactoryandsafeperformanceofthework;
(c)restrictionoftheperiodofexposuretotheminimumcompatiblewithsafeworking;
(d)theuseofsuitableshielding.
Theprotectionnecessaryinanyparticularsituationtoensurethatdosesarekeptbelowtherelevantlimitmaybeachievedbyacombinationofthesemethods.
(b)TheUseofDistance
Theintensityofradiationfromaradioactivesourcedecreaseswithincreasingdistance.Forapointsource(andwherethedimensionsofthesourcearesmallcomparedwiththedistancefromthesourcetothepointofinterest),thedoserateisinverselyproportionaltothesquareofthedistance,i.e.,bydoublingthedistancethedoserateisreducedbyafactorof4andsoon.Forexample,thegammadoseratefroma1GBqcobalt-60sourcedecreaseswithincreasingdistanceasfollows.
at1cm~3.5Svh-1
at10cm~35mSvh-1
at100cm~350Svh-1
Radioactivesourcesshouldthereforeneverbehandledwithbarehands,orwithglovedhandsunlessthethicknessofthegloveissufficienttoreducetheradiationtoreasonablelevels.
(c)TheUseofTime
TheacceptabledosemustbekeptbothwithinstatutorydoselimitsandALARA-AsLowasReasonablyAchievable.
Exposuretohighdoseratescallsforcarefulpre-planning,andsometimesfor'dummy'runs.'Onthejob'discussionsinaradiationfieldshouldbeavoided.
(d)TheUseofShielding
BetaRadiation.ThemostsuitableshieldingmaterialsforbetaradiationaresheetsoflightmetalssuchasaluminiumorPerspex.Theabsorptionofbetaparticlesinmattergivesrisetobremsstrahlungradiation(electromagneticradiationresultingfromtheretardationofchargedparticles).Forsourcesofenergeticbetaradiation,acombinationofPerspexandleadmakesthebestshieldingmaterial.
Gammarayscannotbecompletelyabsorbedbyashield;theyareonlyreducedinintensity.Ofcourse,anydegreeofattenuationispossibleiftheshieldismadethickenough.Theapproximatethicknessesofvariousmaterialsrequiredtoattenuate1MeVgammaraysbyafactorof10are:
LEAD
IRON
CONCRETE
WATER
3.5cm
6cm
20cm
40cm
(Thesefiguresrefertobroadbeamgeometry)
2.3.2TheInternalRadiationHazard
RoutesofEntry:
(a)Ingestion.Contaminationonsurfacesmayleadtoingestionofactivitythroughthemouth.Controlisbasedonacombinationofrulesandproceduresandstrictlaboratorydiscipline,e.g.inthecorrectuseandremovalofgloves,correctmonitoringproceduresafterworkingincontaminatedareas,andnoeating,smoking,drinking,orapplyingmake-upincontamination-controlledareas.
(b)Inhalation.Workcarriedoutinalaboratoryorworkshopcanbeaccompaniedbytheformationofairbornecontamination.Theassessmentofthesignificanceofradioactiveairbornecontaminationisadifficultproblemduetotheinfluenceofmanyfactorssuchasbreathingcharacteristics(rateofbreathing,whethertheindividualbreathesthroughthenoseorthemouthetc.),thesize,shapeanddensityandthechemicalpropertiesoftheairborneparticles(whichwillaffectlungdepositionandsubsequentmetabolism),andtheventilationpatternintheworkingarea.Controlislargelybasedonpropercontainmentandventilationcoupledwithcorrectworkingdiscipline.Beforeajobiscarriedoutconsiderationmustbegiventothepossibilityofairbornecontamination.
(c)Absorption.Radioactivecontaminationmaypenetratetheskinbydiffusionthroughtheskinbarrierorviacutsandwounds.Radioactivematerialsdepositedontheskinandabsorbedthroughtheskinmaysubsequentlydisperseviathebloodstream.Organicsolventsareparticularlydangerousinthattheycanpenetratetheskineasily.Ingeneral,however,theskinformsanefficientbarriertocontamination.Controlisbasedlargelyoncorrectlaboratorydisciplineandtechniques,e.g.whenusing
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