《商务跨文化交际》讲义英文版.docx
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《商务跨文化交际》讲义英文版.docx
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《商务跨文化交际》讲义英文版
商务跨文化交际
“跨文化传播”的概念:
什么是跨文化传播学呢?
跨文化传播学是由美国人类学家、跨文化研究学者爱德华•霍尔在20世纪50年代建立的一门学科,其英文表达为“InterculturalCommunication或Cross-culturalCommunication”,在我国也翻译为“跨文化交际学”或者“跨文化交流学”。
跨文化传播学作为传播学的一个分支学科,旨在研究来自不同文化背景的人们是如何进行交流以及研究如何提高跨文化交流技巧,跨越跨文化交流障碍的方法和途径。
跨文化传播学是一门跨领域的学科,融合了人类学、文化学、心理学以及传播学等领域的研究成果。
跨文化传播的主要理论见诸于有关文化差异(文化维度)的著作中,特别是吉尔特•••••霍夫斯泰德(GeertHofstede)、哈里•C.特兰狄斯(HarryC.Triandis)、方斯•特龙皮纳尔斯(FonsTrompenaars)、沙龙•施瓦兹(ShalomSchwartz)及克里佛德•吉尔兹(CliffordGeertz)等人的著作中。
目前,这些学者的相关理论已经广泛地运用到传播理论和传播情景中,特别是商务、管理和市场营销之中。
爱德华•霍尔(1914年5月16日出生于美国的密苏里州),社会学/文化人类学博士后。
20世纪50年代,爱德华•霍尔在美国美国政府部门的外派人员培训学院(ForeignServiceInstitute)任教,对外派出国人员进行跨文化技能培训。
期间,他提出了“高语境”和“低语境”文化,并撰写了几部非常畅销的有关跨文化传播的著作。
目录
1,GeneralIntroduction…,
2,WhatDoesCross-CulturalCommunicationMeantoBusinessPeople
3,HowtoMakeIntroduction
4,HowtoDealwithBusinessCards
5,HowtoScheduleVisitingandEntertaining
6,ABCforGiftsExchanging,
7,AreThereAnyDifferencesinMaleandFemale’sCommunication
8,HowAreRolesFemalesPlayinginInternationalBusiness?
9,WhatIstheRangeofNon-VerbalCommunicationinBusiness?
…
10,SimilarEncodingandDecodingofNon-VerbalSignals
11,WhatIsCultureConflict?
12,WhatIsCultureShock,andAcculturation
13,WhatIsItLikeatNegotiationTable
14,TheDeviceofStereotypinginCross—CulturalCommunication
15,HowCanWeBeInternational
HofstedeandhisFiveCulturalDimensions
"Cultureismoreoftenasourceofconflictthanofsynergy.Culturaldifferencesareanuisanceatbestandoftenadisaster." Prof.GeertHofsted霍夫斯泰德,EmeritusProfessor,MaastrichtUniversity.Increasinginternationalizationhasledtoanappreciationthatculturaldifferencesareakeyfactoringettingthingsdoneinbusiness.WorkinginFrance,JapanortheUSA,forexample,requirestotallydifferentstylesofmanagingandco-operating.
ProfessorGeertHofstedehasdevelopedafive-dimensionalmodelwhichexplainsculturaldifferencesinauniqueandpowerfulmanner.
DescriptionforeachofHofstede'sDimensions
1.PowerDistance权利距离Index(PDI)thatistheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutions(likethefamily)acceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedunequally.Thisrepresentsinequality(moreversusless),butdefinedfrombelow,notfromabove.Itsuggeststhatasociety'slevelofinequalityisendorsedbythefollowersasmuchasbytheleaders.Powerandinequality,ofcourse,areextremelyfundamentalfactsofanysocietyandanybodywithsomeinternationalexperiencewillbeawarethat'allsocietiesareunequal,butsomearemoreunequalthanothers'.
2.Individualism(IDV)ontheonesideversusitsopposite,collectivism,thatisthedegreetowhichindividualsareintegratedintogroups.Ontheindividualistsidewefindsocietiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose:
everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhim/herselfandhis/herimmediatefamily.Onthecollectivistside,wefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardsareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups,oftenextendedfamilies(withuncles,auntsandgrandparents)whichcontinueprotectingtheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.Theword'collectivism'inthissensehasnopoliticalmeaning:
itreferstothegroup,nottothestate.Again,theissueaddressedbythisdimensionisanextremelyfundamentalone,regardingallsocietiesintheworld.
3.Masculinity(MAS)versusitsopposite,femininity,referstothedistributionofrolesbetweenthegenderswhichisanotherfundamentalissueforanysocietytowhicharangeofsolutionsarefound.TheIBMstudiesrevealedthat(a)women'svaluesdifferlessamongsocietiesthanmen'svalues;(b)men'svaluesfromonecountrytoanothercontainadimensionfromveryassertiveandcompetitiveandmaximallydifferentfromwomen'svaluesontheoneside,tomodestandcaringandsimilartowomen'svaluesontheother.Theassertivepolehasbeencalled'masculine'andthemodest,caringpole'feminine'.Thewomeninfemininecountrieshavethesamemodest,caringvaluesasthemen;inthemasculinecountriestheyaresomewhatassertiveandcompetitive,butnotasmuchasthemen,sothatthesecountriesshowagapbetweenmen'svaluesandwomen'svalues.
4.UncertaintyAvoidance不确定性规避指数Index(UAI)dealswithasociety'stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman'ssearchforTruth.Itindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitheruncomfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredsituations.Unstructuredsituationsarenovel,unknown,surprising,differentfromusual.Uncertaintyavoidingculturestrytominimizethepossibilityofsuchsituationsbystrictlawsandrules,safetyandsecuritymeasures,andonthephilosophicalandreligiouslevelbyabeliefinabsoluteTruth;'therecanonlybeoneTruthandwehaveit'.Peopleinuncertaintya
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- 商务跨文化交际 商务 文化 交际 讲义 英文
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