地方文化创意产业外文文献翻译.docx
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地方文化创意产业外文文献翻译.docx
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地方文化创意产业外文文献翻译
文献信息
文献标题:
CreativeEconomy,CulturalIndustriesandLocalDevelopment(创意经济、文化产业与地方发展)
文献作者:
NicolaBoccella,IreneSalerno
文献出处:
《Procedia-SocialandBehavioralSciences》,2016,223:
291-296.
字数统计:
英文3378单词,18355字符;中文5627汉字
外文文献
CreativeEconomy,CulturalIndustriesandLocalDevelopment
AbstractThepurposeofthispaperistodrawaclearpictureofcreativeandculturalindustriesandofthecreativeeconomy,asdrivingfactorsofeconomicgrowthandlocaldevelopment.Tothisaim,thepaperanalyzessomerecentdataonthesignificanceofthecreativeeconomies,reflectingontheconceptsofcreativeandculturalindustries.Inthetext,attentionispaidtothelinksbetweencreativeeconomyandlocaldevelopmentononehand,andtheconceptsofterritorialcapitalandsocialcapitalontheotherside.
Intheend,theworkfocusesonpresentingtheresultsofanin-progressstudy,abouttherecentliteratureonthementionedissues,presentingabriefoverviewofsomesignificantworks.
Keywords:
Creativeeconomy,culturaleconomy,culturalindistries,creativeindustries,localdevelopment,socialcapital,territorialcapital.
1.Creativeeconomy,culturalandcreativeindustries.Overviewonconceptsanddata
Overthelastyears,theimportanceoftheso-calledculturaleconomyandoftheculturalandcreativeindustrieshasgreatlyincreased.Today,culturalandcreativeindustriesaredrivingfactorsforeconomicgrowthandaccordingtoglobaldemand,alsostimulatedbytheneweconomy.Asitisknown,theconceptrefersnotonlytothedomainofcultureinthestrictsense,butrefersalsotoculturalgoodsandservicesasthecoreofanew,powerfulandvastsectorthatcanbebroadlyreferredtoculturalareas.
Thecreativeeconomyiscloselyrelatedtothecreativeandculturalindustries.ThetermculturalindustrieswasdiffusedsincetheEighties,anditwasreferredtothoseformsofculturalproductionandconsumption,whichhaveattheircenterasymbolicorexpressiveelement.TheconceptwasthenspreadaroundtheworldbyUNESCOjustsincetheEightiesanditsdefinitionhasgraduallyincorporatedawiderangeofindustries:
music,theindustriesrelatedtoart,writing,fashionanddesign,media,aswellascraftproduction.
SincetheNinetiesoftheNineteenthCentury,however,itisinusealsothenameofthecreativeindustries;thetermreferstoaverylargeproductionthatincludesgoodsandservicesproducedbytheculturalindustriesandthosedependingoninnovation.
Fromthetimeinwhichtheterm“creativeeconomy”waspopularized,in2001,theso-calledculturalandcreativeindustriesstaredgeneratingeconomicgrowthataprogressivelyincreasingrate;atgloballevel,asstatedinthe“Creativeeconomyreport”(2013),sucheconomygenerated“US$2.2trillionworldwidein2000andgrowingatanannualrateof5percent”.
ConcerningtheEuropeanscenario,Europehasastronginterestintheculturalandcreativeindustries,astheyareasourceofeconomicgrowth:
asstressedinthereportoftheEuropeanCreativeIndustriesSummit,“theculturalandcreativesectorsmakeupnearly4.5%oftheEuropeaneconomy,thankstonearly1.4millionsmallandmedium-sizedbusinessesgeneratinganddistributingcreativecontentalloverEurope.Theculturalandcreativesectorshaveshowngreatresilienceduringthecrisis–theyactuallycontinuedtogrow–whilestimulatingcreativityandinnovationspill-oversinothersectors.About8.5millionpeopleareemployedincreativesectorsacrossEurope–andmanymoreifwetakeintoaccounttheirimpactonothersectorssuchastourismandinformationtechnology”.
Focusing,moreindetail,ontheItaliansituation,herein20142theenterprisesoftheculturalandcreativesectorsproduce78.6billionofaddedvalueandstimulatedothersectorsoftheeconomysoastogeneratethe15.6%ofthewholenationaladdedvalue,equalto227billioneuroincludingtheincomesofthatpartofthenationaleconomythatisdirectlyactivatedbyculture(e.g.tourism).
AccordingtorecentdataoftheUnionCamere-SymbolaReport(2015),between2012and2014despitetheglobalcrisis,companiesthathaveinvestedincreativityhaveincreasedtheirturnoverby3.2%;companiesthathaveinvestedincreativitywererewardedwitha4.3%increaseinexports.Moreover,the443,208enterprisesintheculturalproductionsystem,accountingfor7.3%ofdomesticenterprises,reaches5.4%ofthewealthproducedinItaly,equalto78.6billionofeuros.Arrivingatabout84,equivalentto5.8%ofthenationaleconomy,ifweincludepublicinstitutionsandorganizationsinthenon-profitorganizationactiveinthefieldofculture.
Particularattentionhastobepaidtothemultipliereffectsgeneratedbytheeconomyofcultureandthepositiveimpactontheemployment:
infact,theculturalandcreativeindustriesaswellasthesectorsofhistorical,artisticandarchitecturalheritage,performingartsandvisualarts,areactuallyemploying1.4millionpeople,thatmeansthe5.9%ofwholeItalianemployment–andover1.5million,equalto6.3%ofthewholeemploymentrateifweincludealsothepublicandno-profitsector.
2.Culturalandcreativeindustriesasdriverfactorsforlocaldevelopment:
Relationshipswithterritorialandsocialcapital
Thesignificancefromaneconomicpointofview,ofthecreativeeconomies,mentionedinthepreviouschapter,imposesareflectiononthenecessarynationalandinternationalpoliciesthatwillenhancethedeepbondsbetweenthevariousfieldsofculture,territoriesandthesocio-institutionaltissue,inordertogivetheculturalandcreativesectorstheirroleintheeconomyoftheterritoriesandmakeittheheartofthelocaleconomicdevelopmentpatterns,eveninunderprivilegedterritories.
AsstressedintheEuropeanCreativeIndustriesSummit(2015),“Thecreativeeconomyisalsoassociatedwithlargecitiesand/ordominantregionswithincountries,orevenconcentratedwithincitieswhereaprosperouscreativeindustrysectormaybeasmallenclavesurroundedbypovertyandsocialdeprivation.Thecreativeeconomytendstoconcentratetodayingreatworldcitiesthatarealreadycentralplacesoffinancialcapital,investmentandpowerorhavesignificanthistoricallegaciesofsocialandculturalmixing.Whatismore,thecentripetalforceshaveintensifiedbecauseofconvergenceandacquisitionsattheglobalcorporatelevel.Emblematicinthisregardarethetelevision,media,filmandpublishingindustries.Moreover,moredispersedorganizationalforms,whicharealsocharacteristicofthesector,tendtohavetheirmajorvalue-addedactivitieslocatedand/orcontrolledintheglobalNorth.Thus,manyformsofcreative-economyinvestmentandgrowthcanamplifyexistingdivisionsbetweenrichandpoorbothacrossandwithincountries.[…]Yet,developmentofacreativeeconomycanformanintegralpartofanyattempttoredressinequality,providedthattheprocessalsobringsaboutbroaderstructuralchangestoensurethatcreativeworkersarethemselvesnotdisadvantagedinrelationtootherworkers”.
Toaddresstheseproblems,theEuropeanUnionhaslaunchedseveralmeasuresandhasallocatedfundsfortheculturalandcreativeindustrydevelopmentandthecreationofcapillarynetworksinsupportoftheeconomiesofdisadvantagedareas.EmblematicisthecaseoftheStructuralFundsintheperiod2014-2020,aimedatstrengtheningthelinksamongcreativeindustries,multi-disciplinaryenvironmentsandotherindustries.Europeanfundingprogrammeshavebeendesignedtoanswertothesechallenges,suchastheCreativeEuropeprogrammeimprimis,butalsootherEUfundingprogrammesliketheERASMUSPLUSthatsupportsskillsdevelopmentthrougheducationandtraining;theCOSMEprogrammethatpromotesentrepreneurship,accesstofinanceandmarketsforsmallandmediumenterprises;theHORIZON2020whichaimsatpromotingresearchandinnovationinthefieldofcultureandculturalheritage.
Atnationallevel,tostrengthencreativeandculturalindustriesitismandatorytoencouragethedevelopmentoftheterritorialnetwork,andpoliciestosupportlocaleconomyandtherelationshipsamongprivates,andbetweenpublicandprivatesectors.Inalltheassessmentsofthecreativeeconomy,developingcountriesappearlacking,infact,inkeyinstitutionaland/orregulatoryconditions.
Developingsuchnetworksandrelationshipsmeanstohaveinmindaclearpictureofthedeeplinksamongthecreativeandculturalindustriesdevelopmentandtheso-called“territorialcapital”ofacountry;theconceptofterritorialcapitalrelates,furthermore,totheconceptof“socialcapital”.
Asitisknown,forboththetermsseveraldefinitionsareavailable;thetermsreferstothesystemofterritorialassetsofeconomic,cultural,social,environmentalnature,thatensuresthepotentialdevelopmentofplaces.Thelatter,inordertosucceed,havetoexploitthiscomplexsetoffactors.
Theterritorialcapitalhasastronginfluenceoneconomicgrowth.Thequalityoftheinstitutionsandcohesionareelementsofgreatimportancetocreateconditionssothattheterritorialcapitalcanfullyexpressitspotential.Thismeansthatitisessentialtodirectnationalpolicies,lookingatthespecificityofeachterritory,boostingtheinstitutionalquality.Italsomeansinvestigatingthedeeprelationswiththeregisteredcapitalofagivencontext(Brasili,2014).
Closelyrelatedtotheconceptofterritorialcapitalandinrelationwithlocaldevelopment,istheotherconceptofsocialcapital.TheconceptofsocialcapitalhasbeenextensivelyusedsincetheEightiesoftheTwentiethCenturyinsociology,economicsandpoliticalscience;today,therearenumerousdefi
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