优秀英语写作--段落结构.ppt
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优秀英语写作--段落结构.ppt
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paragraphwriting,EnglishParagraphWriting,2.1ParagraphStructure2.2ParagraphUnity2.3ParagraphCoherence2.4SentenceVariety,段落是构成文章的一组句子。
段落必须表达完整的意思:
或描写事物(describesomething),或争论某事(argueaboutsomething),或对某事提出疑问(questionsomething),或要求什么(demandsomething),或给事物下定义(definesomething),或驳斥某观点(rejectsomething)。
2.1ParagraphStructure,OneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:
(1)TopicSentenceSupporting/DevelopingSentences(3)ConcludingSentence,ParagraphStructureModel,TopicSentenceSupportingSentence1SupportingSentence2SupportingSentence3SupportingSentence4ConcludingSentence,Sample,WeallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblemsDoctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgansInaddition,itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseasesItisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety,TS,DS,CS,
(1)HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentence,Threeessentialpoints:
主题句必须是一个完整的句子由主题词和主题思想的表述两部分构成只是一种概括性的陈述而不提供具体的细节作者的首要任务是让读者知道所写段落要谈的是什么,这就是每段的主题句的作用。
因此主题句应该阐明段落的主要思想,所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。
主题句的三种形式,1)肯定句(AffirmativeSentence)Example:
Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore2)反诘句(RhetoricalSentence)Example:
Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection?
3)不完整句(Fragments)Example:
Andtheworkingman?
初学者最好使用肯定句作为主题句。
Whichisagoodtopicsentence?
Americanfoodisterrible.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.,主题句的位置,主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况:
1)段首(Atthebeginning)主题句经常居于段首,以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。
这个位置适用于写提供信息或解释观点的段落。
2)段末(Attheend)用推理方法展开段落时,主题句往往位于句末。
3)段中(Inthemiddle)有时为了使段落多样化,主题句也可以居于段中。
4)隐含(Implied)有时候,尤其在写叙述性或描写性段落时,当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时可以不用主题句。
Whereisthetopicsentence?
TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalsosharealargenumberofsocialcustomsForexample,inbothAmericaandEngland,peopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttimeAlso,mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman,andsowillmostAmericansPromptnessisimportantbothinEnglandandinAmericaThatis,ifadinnerinvitationisfor7oclock,thedinnerguesteitherarrivesclosetothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhisdelay,Practice:
Identifywhichisthetopicsentence:
Systolic(收缩的)pressurebetween140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolic(舒张的)pressureistakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:
systolicanddiastolic.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.,Exercise1-1,Directions:
Readthefollowingparagraphsandfindoutthetopicsentence,thesupportingdetailsandtheconcludingsentence,ifthereisone,TheneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbeforeAboutathousandspeciesofanimalsareindangerofextinction,,andtherateatwhichtheyarebeingdestroyedhasincreasedWithmammals,forinstance,therateofextinctionisnowaboutonespecieseveryyear;fromAD1to1800,theratewasaboutonespecieseveryfiftyyearsEverywhere,menaretryingosolvetheproblemofpreservingwildlifewhilecaringatthesametimefortheworldsgrowingpopulation,关于写主题句的建议,1)要写合乎语法的句子1:
TwocausesoftheAmericanCivilWar这个句子是个不完整的句子,不合乎语法,因此不能用作主题句2:
ThereweretwocausesthatledtotheAmericanCivilWar重写后的句子合乎语法,是个较好的主题句。
2)要使用限写词限定主题为了正确表达观点,好的主题句经常使用关键词或词组,即限制词(controllers)限制这一观点。
Airtravelismoreconvenientthantrainforatleastthreereasons上例主题句我们得知作者将要写“airtravel”(topic),他将要把“train”(aspect)和“airtravel”作比较,并且陈述“reasons”。
由此可见,作者在“aspect”(方面)和“reason”(原因)两方面限制他的主题。
3)要注意主题的可写性所定的主题不能太笼统,也不能太具体。
Example6:
Letmetellyousomethingaboutoverpopulation这个句子太笼统,作为一个段落的主题太大,难于驾驭。
Example7:
Whyhastheworldpopulationbeenincreasingsorapidlyinthelastdecades?
这个句子是个较好的主题句,作者用“thereasonsforoverpopulationinthelastdecades”,从“原因”(cause)和“时间”(time)两方面限制了主题,能在一个段落内论述。
Supporting/developingsentencesarethekeywordsorgroupofwordsthattellwhatthefocuswillbeindevelopingparagraph.Concretesupport,
(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentences,MyroommatePaulpossessesthecharacteristicsofgoodstudent.Oneofhischaracteristicsisalwaysbeingpreparedforclasses.Forexample,whenhisphilosophyprofessorassignsaclassdiscussionontheideasofKant,hegoestothelibraryanddoesextensiveresearchonthesubject.Inaddition,whenhisEnglishinstructorassignsanout-of-classessay,hebringstoclassthefinalcopyofanessaythathehasrevisedseveraltimes.,Canyouthinkofsomedevelopingsentencesforthistopic?
SmokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabitCigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.Smokingwouldcausemanydiseases,whichwillcostthesmokersalotofmoneytoseeadoctorandcurethediseases.,Activity,Trydevelopingthetopicsentences.Illustrateyourpersonalitywithspecificexamples.Iamaverysensitiveperson.Iamaveryindependentperson.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.,Iamaverysensitiveperson,andthatsgoodtosomedegree.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudontknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthatsalittletoosensitive.ThatsthewayIam.,Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idontlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings.ItsnotthatIdontappreciateit,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdontliketofeel,itsthatIoweanyoneanything.,IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.IwoulddoalmostanythingforsomeoneIlike,andwouldshareorgiveanythingIhave.Imverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andtheyrerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.ImalwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.,(3)HowtoWriteaGoodConcludingSentence,Aconcludingsentencemayrestatethemainideainfreshwords,summarizetheparagraph,evaluatethesupportingdetails,oraddaninsighttoshowtheimportanceofthemainpoint.使用表示段落结尾的转承信号词,如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。
对段落要点加以总结。
对主题加以评论,给读者留下深刻的印象。
Smallcarssuck.TopicsentenceImsixfeetfour,andwhenIsitinaVolkswagen,mykneesarecrammedintomychestandImhunchedforward,myheadscrapingthetop.IfIhavetorideveryfat,thebaseofmyneckachesandthebacksofmythighscrampup.Ialsodontliketheirlightbodies.Idontlikebeingblownaroundonthefreewaybystrongwindsorbigtrucks,andifIgetinanaccident,IknowIllcomeoutsecondbest.Finally,whenIneedalittlepoweronamountaingradeorforpassing,thosefour-cylinderenginesdontdeliver.Inaword,smallcarsaretoouncomfortable,toodangerous,andtooinefficientforme.Concludingsentence,Activity,Writeaconcludingsentencebasedonthegivenoutline.TopicSentence:
Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.BodyPart:
AhappyfamilylifeAsatisfyingcareerInnerpeaceandsecurityConcludingSentence:
Inconclusion,ifIcouldhaveawarmhome,achallengingjob,andinnerstrength,Iwouldbecontentedandsatisfiedwithmylife.,Practice,Finishwritingtheconcludingsentences:
Producersmakemoregoodswhenpricesarehigh,andconsumersbuymoregoodswhenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneyfortheirgoods.Aspricesgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Thisshowsus,thequantityofgoodswilldirectlyinfluencethepricesandthesalesvolume.,Practice,Trytoappreciatethefollowingparagraph,andidentify:
(1)Topicsentence
(2)Supportingsentences(3)Concludingsentences,Nearlyalllivingcreaturesmanagesomeformofcommunication.Thedancepatternsofbeesintheirhivehelptopointthewaytodistantflowerfieldsorannouncesuccessfulforaging.Malesticklebackfishregularlyswimupside-downtoindicateoutrageinacourtshipcontest.Maledeerandlemursmarkterritorialownershipbyrubbingtheirownbodysecretionsonboundarystonesortrees.Everyonehasseenafrighteneddogputhistailbetweenhislegsandruninpanic.We,too,usegestures,expressions,postures,andmovementtogiveourwordspoint.,2.2ParagraphUnity,段落的一致性是指文章基于一个统一的主题,段落内容应保持一致,每个段落只能阐述一个中心思想,每一个句子都应与主题句密切相关。
Activity1,Identifywhetherthefollowingparagraphsareunified.Pickoutanysentencewhichisnotrelatedtothecontrollingideaoftheparagraph.MyFavoriteHobbiesIenjoy3hobbiesinmyfreetime.Myfirsthobbyisplayingwithmy2-year-oldson.Iespeciallyliketoteachhimnewwords.HelistensverycarefullytomeandcopieswhatIsay.Ialsoliketotakehimforwalks.Whenhissmallhandsclingtomyhand,Ifeelsoclosetohim,andhiswidesmilewarmsmyheart.Ifweplayball,hegetsexcitedandscreamswithjoy.Unfortunately,theballmakestheneighborsdogbark.MysecondhobbyiswatchingTVwithmyson.WewatchSesameStreettogetheralmosteveryday.IthelpsuslearnEnglish.TheEnglishonthenewsistoofastandreallyfrustratesme.Mysonsitsbesideme,andsometimeswelaughuntilthetearscome.,_,_,Mythirdhobbyisplantingflowersinmygarden.WhenIam
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- 优秀 英语 写作 段落 结构
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