托福阅读句子插入题如何衔接.docx
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托福阅读句子插入题如何衔接.docx
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托福阅读句子插入题如何衔接
托福阅读句子插入题——如何做到无缝衔接
朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹
句子插入题(InsertTextQuestions)是托福阅读考试必考题型,出现在每一篇文章倒数第二题,大部分考生在做此题时遇到模棱两可的答案情况较多,容易选错。
朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将针对这个问题,具体分析句子插入题的考试特点及解题技巧。
一、题型特点
句子插入题顾名思义就是给一句新的句子,要求考生们把这个句子插入到相应的位置,指定位置是文章中四个黑色方块的地方。
这些方块分布在句首或句末,四个方框有时都出现在一个段落里,有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。
考题形式如下:
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
[…………………]
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
同学们要做的是点击其中的一个方块并将这个句子插入文章。
句子插入题考查的内容是句子与句子间的逻辑关系,即所插入句子必须和前后句子在逻辑关系上保持一致。
其实和我们写作一样,同学们不能把两句毫无关系的句子放在一起。
那么在英语里为了体现句与句之间的逻辑关系,会采用各种衔接手段将句子连接起来,所以我们只要熟悉各种句子衔接手段,我们就能立即判断出来句子所插入的相应位置。
以下,我们将对考试中经常出现的几种衔接手段进行详细分析。
二、解题方法
1.词重复适用
这种衔接方法简单粗暴明了,无需花费大量脑细胞,完全是送分题。
后面一个句子里重复使用前面句子提到的同一个词(通常是名词),使用此方法,我们可以清楚知道作者仍然在谈论同一主题,因为前后句子在意义上关系密切,互相连贯。
TheircompetitionandcollaborationwerecreatingthebroadcastingindustryintheUnitedStates,beginningwiththeintroductionofcommercialradioprogrammingintheearly1920s.■Withfinancialassetsconsiderablygreaterthanthoseinthemotionpictureindustry,andperhapsawidervisionoftherelationshipsamongentertainmentandcommunicationsmedia,theyrevitalizedresearchintorecordingsoundformotionpictures.■In1929theUnitedStatesmotionpictureindustryreleasedmorethan300soundfilms—aroughfigure,sinceanumberweresilentfilmswithmusictracks,orfilmspreparedindualversions,totakeaccountofthemanycinemasnotyetwiredforsound.■Attheproductionlevel,intheUnitedStatestheconversionwasvirtuallycompleteby1930.■InEuropeittookalittlelonger,mainlybecausethereweremoresmallproducersforwhomthecostsofsoundwereprohibitive…
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Whenthisresearchresultedinthedevelopmentofvastlyimprovedsoundtechniques,filmstudiosbecameconvincedoftheimportanceofconvertingtosound.
前面一句话已经提及到了research,第二次出现用thisresearch,所以答案选第二个选项。
So,inanothersetofexperiments,Kramerputidenticalfoodboxesaroundthecage,withfoodinonlyoneoftheboxes.■Theboxeswerestationary,andtheonecontainingfoodwasalwaysatthesamepointofthecompass.■However,itspositionwithrespecttothesurroundingscouldbechangedbyrevolvingeithertheinnercagecontainingthebirdsortheouterwalls,whichservedasthebackground.■AslongasthebirdscouldseetheSun,nomatterhowtheirsurroundingswerealtered,theywentdirectlytothecorrectfoodbox.■Whethertheboxappeared…
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Hearrangedthefeedboxesatvariouspositionsonacompass.
不定冠词acompass在第一句话里再次出现用的是特指thecompass,所以答案选第一个黑框。
2.词指代替换
带有代词题型也比较简单明了,为了避免重复,我们通常会在第二个句子使用代词代替前面(或者后面)提到过的事物(一个词)或者事件(一句话)。
所以同学们只要正确找到代词所指就能做对此题。
形式一般是this+名词,或者this单独用于指代前面一句话。
Since1980,theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly.█In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.█MostwereinDenmark(whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines)andCalifornia(where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestate’selectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco).█Inprinciple,allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestates—NorthDakota,SouthDakota,andTexas.█
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind-farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia.
代词thiswiderpossibility这种更加广泛的可能性指代上一句话中的情态动词couldbe,情态动词couldbe在这里表示可能性,所以答案选最后一个选项。
Underverycoldconditions,rockscanbeshatteredbyiceandfrost.Glaciersmayforminpermanentlycoldareas,andtheseslowlymovingmassesoficecutoutvalleys,carryingwiththemhugequantitiesoferodedrockdebris.█Indryareasthewindistheprincipalagentoferosion.█Itcarriesfineparticlesofsand,whichbombardexposedrocksurfaces,therebywearingthemintoyetmoresand.█Evenlivingthingscontributetotheformationoflandscapes.█Treerootsforcetheirwayintocracksinrocksand,insodoing,speedtheirsplitting.Incontrast,therootsofgrassesandothersmallplantsmayhelptoholdloosesoilfragmentstogether,therebyhelpingtopreventerosionbythewind.
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Underdifferentclimaticconditions,anothertypeofdestructiveforcecontributestoerosion.
another是不定代词,指代后一句提到的另外一种destructiveforce。
通过整个段落分析,第一句话destructiveforce包括ice和frost,第二句话另外一种destructiveforce指代的是wind,所以选第一个黑框。
阅读中常出现的代词:
this,this+n,these,another,suchandotheretc.
3.词同义替换
此类句子衔接的方法是指所插入句子里面的词(通常是名词)与所在位置前后句子的词同义替换,这种方法要求会比较高,考生除了要理解插入句子里面词的意思,还要找到所在段落里面与它同义的词。
█Watt'ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.█Itliberatedindustryfromdependenceonrunningwater.█Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesbydrivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperanddeepermining.█ThereadyavailabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthefirstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumandahalf.
Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Thefactoriesdidnothavetogotothestreamswhenpowercouldcometothefactories.
这个句子里面的factories与前一句里的industry同义替换,这里同义替换并不是指两个词要完全对等才能同义替换。
只要两个词之间在某一部分是表同义的就可以。
比如说工业必然会涉及到很多工厂建立,所以我们可以说两个词是同义替换。
答案选第三个黑框。
NotonlycouldSmithidentifyrockstratabythefossilstheycontained,hecouldalsoseeapatternemerging:
Certainfossilsalwaysappearinmoreancientsediments,whileothersbegintobeseenasthestratabecomemorerecent.█Byfollowingthefossils.SmithwasabletoputallthestrataofEngland'searthintorelativetemporalsequence.█Aboutthesametime,GeorgesCuviermadethesamediscoverywhilestudyingtherocksaroundParis.█Soonitwasrealizedthatthisprincipleoffaunal(animal)successionwasvalidnotonlyinEnglandorFrancebutvirtuallyeverywhere.█Itwasactuallyaprincipleoffloralsuccessionaswell,becauseplantsshowedthesametransformationthroughtimeasdidfauna.
Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Thefindingsofthesegeologistsinspiredotherstoexaminetherockandfossilrecordsindifferentpartsoftheworld.
Thefindings意思是“发现”,与段落第二句话thesamediscovery表同义替换,所以这句话应该放在第三块黑框回指前文提到的发现,答案选第三块黑框。
4.连接词衔接
英语里面表达句与句之间的逻辑关系通常会用到连接词,同学们除了要知道连接词的意思,还要知道连接的两个句子是否存在相应的逻辑关系,所以这种方法相对前面几种是比较难的。
常考连接词有表转折,原因,结果,递进等。
█Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipment,similartothebody’svitalorgansandsystems.█Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.█Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.█
Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
However,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterorair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifyingskeletonandskin.
插入句子中的however表示转折,前后意思相反或者对比。
最后一句话inearlyarchitecture对应插入句子modernarchitecturaldesigns,所以选择最后一个黑色方框。
句子插入题经常出现的转折关系词有:
however,but,yet,whereasandwhileetc.
■Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.■Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.■Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.■Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.
Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinwater.
Consequently是表示结果的逻辑关系词。
整句话意思是所以金枪鱼不需要在水里吮吸。
段落第一句意思:
因为金枪鱼的游动从不停止,它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮。
根据两句话的逻辑意思,因为它张着嘴使水流经它们的腮,所以不需要在水里吮吸。
同学们不仅要理解consequently的意思,还要理解前后两句话的意思才能做对此题。
答案选第二个黑框。
表示结果的逻辑关系词有:
consequently,therefore,so,henceandthusetc.
IthaslongbeenacceptedthattheAmericaswerecolonizedbyamigrationofpeoplesfromAsia,slowlytravelingacrossalandbridgecalledBeringia(nowtheBeringStraitbetweennortheasternAsiaandAlaska)duringthelastIceAge.■Thefirstwatercrafttheoryaboutthemigrationwasthataround11,000-12,000yearsagotherewasanice-freecorridorstretchingfromeasternBeringiatotheareasofNorthAmericasouthofthegreatnorthernglaciers.Itwasthemidcontinentalcorridorbetweentwomassiveicesheets-theLaurentidetothewest-thatenabledthesouthwardmigration.■Butbeliefinthisice-freecorridorbegantocrumblewhenpaleoecologistGlenMacDonalddemonstratedthatsomeofthemostimportantradiocarbondatesusedtosupporttheexistenceofanice-freecorridorwereincorrect.■Hepersuasivelyarguedthatsuchanice-freecorridordidnotexistuntilmuchlater,whenthecontinentalicebeganitsfinalretreat.■
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Moreover,otherevidencesuggeststhatevenifanice-freecorridordidexist,itwouldhavelackedtheresourcesneededforhumancolonization.
Moreover表递进,可译为“此外”,插入句子意思和段落最后一句话表递进关系,译为:
他令人信服地主张那样的不冻地带直到很久以后才出现,那时大陆冰块开
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