三十六计英文版 ThirtySix Stratagems.docx
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三十六计英文版 ThirtySix Stratagems.docx
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三十六计英文版ThirtySixStratagems
TheThirty-SixStratagemswasaChineseessayusedtoillustrateaseriesofstratagemsusedinpolitics,war,aswellasincivilinteraction,oftenthroughunorthodoxordeceptivemeans.
TheStratagemsareoftenmisnamedasstrategies;however,astratagem(synonymouswithruse)isnotthesamethingasastrategy(beingalong-termplanoroutline).
Origin
ThenameofthecollectioncomesfromtheBookofQi,initsseventhbiographicalvolume,BiographyofWángJìngzé(王敬則傳/王敬则传).[1]WángwasageneralwhohadservedSouthernQisincethefirstEmperorGaoofthedynasty.WhenEmperorMingcametopowerandexecutedmanymembersofthecourtandroyalfamilyforfearthattheywouldthreatenhisreign,Wángbelievedthathewouldbetargetednextandrebelled.AsWángreceivednewsthatXiaoBaojuan,sonandcrownprinceofEmperorMing,hadescapedinhasteafterlearningoftherebellion,hecommentedthat"ofthethirty-sixstratagemsofLordTán,retreatwashisbest,youfatherandsonshouldrunforsure."[2]LordTánherereferstogeneralTanDaojioftheLiuSongDynasty,whowasforcedtoretreatafterhisfailedattackonNorthernWei,andWángmentionedhisnameincontemptasanexampleofcowardice.[3]
Itshouldbenotedthatthenumberthirty-sixwasusedbyWángasafigureofspeechinthiscontext,andismeanttodenotenumerousstratagemsinsteadofanyspecificnumber.Wáng'schoiceofthistermwasinreferencetotheIChing,wheresixisthenumberofYinthatsharedmanycharacteristicswiththedarkschemesinvolvedinmilitarystrategy.Asthirty-sixisthesquareofsix,itthereforeactedasametaphorfornumerousstrategies.[3]SinceWángwasnotreferringtoanythirty-sixspecificstratagemshowever,thethirty-sixproverbsandtheirconnectiontomilitarystrategiesandtacticsarelikelytohavebeencreatedafterthefact,withthecollectiononlyborrowingitsnamefromWáng'ssaying.[4]
TheThirty-SixStratagemshavevariablybeenattributedtoSunTzufromtheSpringandAutumnPeriodofChina,orZhugeLiangoftheThreeKingdomsperiod,butneitherareregardedasthetrueauthorbyhistorians.Instead,theprevailingviewisthattheThirty-SixStratagemsmayhaveoriginatedinbothwrittenandoralhistory,withmanydifferentversionscompiledbydifferentauthorsthroughoutChinesehistory.SomestratagemsreferenceoccurrencesinthetimeofSunBin,approx.150yearsafterSunWu'sdeath.[4]
Theoriginalhand-copiedpaperbackthatisthebasisofthecurrentversionwasbelievedtohavebeendiscoveredinChina'sShaanxiprovince,ofanunknowndateandauthor,andputintoprintbyalocalpublisherin1941.TheThirty-SixStratagemsonlycametothepublic'sattentionafterareviewofitwaspublishedintheChineseCommunistParty'sGuangmingDaily(光明日報/光明日报)newspaperonSeptember16,1961.Itwassubsequentlyreprintedanddistributedwithgrowingpopularity.[4]
Thirty-SixStratagems
TheThirty-SixStratagemsaredividedintoapreface,sixchapterscontainingsixstratagemseach,andanafterwordthatwasincompletewithmissingtext.Thefirstthreechaptersgenerallydescribetacticsforuseinadvantageoussituations,whereasthelastthreechapterscontainstratagemsthataremoresuitablefordisadvantageoussituations.Theyareintheformoffour-characteridioms.Eachproverbisaccompaniedbyashortcomment,nolongerthanasentenceortwo,thatexplainshowsaidproverbisapplicabletomilitarytactics.These36Chineseproverbsarerelatedto36battlescenariosinChinesehistoryandfolklore,predominantlyoftheWarringStatesPeriodandtheThreeKingdomsPeriod.
Chapter1:
WinningStratagems(勝戰計)
Deceivetheheavenstocrosstheocean[5]
Preparetoomuchandyoulosesightofthebigpicture;whatyouseeoftenyoudonotdoubt.Yin(theartofdeception)isinYang(actinginopen).ToomuchYang(transparency)hidesYin(trueruses).
Thisstratagemreferencesanepisodein643AD,whenEmperorTaizongofTang,balkedfromcrossingtheseatoacampaignagainstKoguryo.HisgeneralXueRenguithoughtofastratagemtogettheemperoracrossandallayhisfearofseasickness:
onaclearday,theemperorwasinvitedtomeetawiseman.Theyenteredthroughadarktunnelintoahallwheretheyfeasted.Afterfeastingseveraldays,theEmperorheardthesoundofwavesandrealisedthathehadbeenluredontoaship!
GeneralXuedrewasidethecurtainstorevealtheoceanandconfessedthattheyhadalreadycrossedthesea:
Upondiscoveringthis,theemperordecidedtocarryonandlatercompletedthesuccessfulcampaign.
Thisstratagemmeansthatyoucanmaskyourrealgoals,byusingtheruseofafakegoalthateveryonetakesforgranted,untiltherealgoalisachieved.Tactically,thisisknownasan'openfeint';infrontofeveryone,youpointwest,whenyourgoalisactuallyintheeast.Bythetimeeveryonerealisedit,youhavealreadyachievedyourgoal.HarrovonSengernotesintheGerman-Language"DieList"thattograspthefullmeaning,itwouldbesomethinglike"todeceivetheholyvirginMary"intheWest.
Thisstratagemmakesuseofthehumanfailingtobecomeunawareofcommoneverydayactivities,oreventsthatappearnormal.Thebestsecretsarecarriedoutinbroaddaylight.Thebesthoaxistorepeatitsooftenthatpeopleareconvincedthatthenextmoveisalsoahoax.Whenthishappens,itisthebestmomenttocarryoutone'spreviouslyhiddentrueobjective.
BesiegeWèitorescueZhào[6]
Whentheenemyistoostrongtobeattackeddirectly,thenattacksomethingheholdsdear.Knowthathecannotbesuperiorinallthings.Somewherethereisagapinthearmour,aweaknessthatcanbeattackedinstead.
TheoriginofthisproverbisfromtheWarringStatesPeriod.ThestateofWèiattackedZhaoandlaidsiegetoitscapitalHandan.ZhàoturnedtoQíforhelp,buttheQígeneralSunBindetermineditwouldbeunwisetomeetthearmyofWèiheadon,soheinsteadattackedtheircapitalatDaliang.ThearmyofWèiretreatedinhaste,andthetiredtroopswereambushedanddefeatedattheBattleofGuiling,withtheWèigeneralPangJuanslainonthefield.NotethatthiscampaignisalsodescribedexplicitlyintheArtofWarofMasterSunBintheyounger.
Theideahereistoavoidaheadonbattlewithastrongenemy,andinsteadstrikeathisweaknesselsewhere.Thiswillforcethestrongenemytoretreatinordertosupporthisweakness.Battlingagainstthenowtiredandlow-moraleenemywillgiveamuchhigherchanceofsuccess.
Killwithaborrowedknife[7]
Attackusingthestrengthofanother(inasituationwhereusingone'sownstrengthisnotfavourable).Trickanallyintoattackinghim,bribeanofficialtoturntraitor,orusetheenemy'sownstrengthagainsthim.
Theideahereistocausedamagetotheenemybygettinga3rdpartytodothedeed.
Leisurelyawaitforthelaboured[8]
Itisanadvantagetochoosethetimeandplaceforbattle.Inthiswayyouknowwhenandwherethebattlewilltakeplace,whileyourenemydoesnot.Encourageyourenemytoexpendhisenergyinfutilequestswhileyouconserveyourstrength.Whenheisexhaustedandconfused,youattackwithenergyandpurpose.
Theideaistohaveyourtroopswell-preparedforbattle,inthesametimethattheenemyisrushingtofightagainstyou.Thiswillgiveyourtroopsahugeadvantageintheupcomingbattle,ofwhichyouwillgettoselectthetimeandplace.
Lootaburninghouse[9]
Whenacountryisbesetbyinternalconflicts,whendiseaseandfamineravagethepopulation,whencorruptionandcrimearerampant,thenitwillbeunabletodealwithanoutsidethreat.Thisisthetimetoattack.
Keepgatheringinternalinformationaboutanenemy.Iftheenemyiscurrentlyinitsweakeststateever,attackitwithoutmercyandtotallydestroyittopreventfuturetroubles.
Makeasoundintheeast,thenstrikeinthewest[10]
Inanybattletheelementofsurprisecanprovideanoverwhelmingadvantage.Evenwhenfacetofacewithanenemy,surprisecanstillbeemployedbyattackingwhereheleastexpectsit.Todothisyoumustcreateanexpectationintheenemy'smindthroughtheuseofafeint.
Theideahereistogettheenemytofocushisforcesinalocation,andthenattackelsewherewhichwouldbeweaklydefended.
Chapter2:
EnemyDealingStratagems(敵戰計)
Createsomethingfromnothing(無中生有/无中生有,Wúzhōngshēngyǒu)
Aplainlie.Makesomebodybelievetherewassomethingwhenthereisinfactnothing.
Onemethodofusingthisstratagemistocreateanillusionofsomething'sexistence,whileitdoesnotexist.Anothermethodistocreateanillusionthatsomethingdoesnotexist,whileitdoes.
Openlyrepairthegalleryroads,butsneakthroughthepassageofChencang(明修棧道,暗渡陳倉/明修栈道,暗渡陈仓,Míngxiūzhàndào,àndùchéncāng)
Deceivetheenemywithanobviousapproachthatwilltakeaverylongtime,whilesurprisinghimbytakingashortcutandsneakuptohim.Astheenemyconcentratesonthedecoy,hewillmissyousneakinguptohim.
ThephraseoriginatedfromtheChu-Hancontention,whereLiuBangretreatedtothelandsofSichuantoprepareforaconfrontationwithXiangYu.Oncehewasfullyprepared,LiuBangsentmentoopenlyrepairthegalleryroadshehaddestroyedearlier,whilesecretlymovinghistroopstowardsGuanzhongthroughthesmalltownofChencanginstead.WhenXiangYureceivednewsofLiuBangrepairingthegalleryroads,hedismissedthethreatsinceheknewtherepairswouldtakeyearstocomplete.ThisallowedLiuBangtoretakeGuanzhongbysurprise,andeventuallyledtohisvictoryoverXiangYuandthebirthoftheHanDynasty.
Thistacticisanextensionofthe"Makeasoundintheeast,thenstrikeinthewest"tactic.Butinsteadof
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