语言学复习要点.docx
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语言学复习要点.docx
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语言学复习要点
1.Linguistics
Thestudyofthenature,structure,andvariationoflanguage,includingphonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semanticsandpragmatics.
2.designfeatures
Theyareaseriesoffeatureswhichareuniquelyapartofhumanlanguageandunlikelytobefoundinthecommunicationsystemofothercreatures.Theyaredisplacement,productivity,culturaltransmission,arbitrariness,discretenessandduality.
3.Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhichareinthepast,presentorfuture,realorimagined,orinfar-awayplaces.
4.Duality
Itisgenerallythecasethatlanguageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerswhichisknownasthephysicallevelandmeaningfullevelsimultaneously.
?
5.Arbitrariness
Itisgenerallythecasethatthereisno?
natural?
connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.?
6.Mannerofarticulation
Itisthecasethatwedescribetheconsonantsoundsintermsofhowtheyarearticulated.
7.Placeofarticulation
Itfocusesondescribingconsonantsoundsintermsofwheretheyarearticulated.
8.articulatorphonetics
Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsiscalledphonetics.Andthestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,or?
articulated?
isarticulatoryphonetics.
9.Phonology
Thedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofthespeechsoundsinalanguage.
10.Assimilation
Itistheprocesswhentwophonemesoccurinsequenceandsomeaspectofonephonemeistakenor?
copied?
bytheother.Forexample,theword?
can?
inthesentence?
Icango.?
maypronounceas[k?
?
]insteadof[k?
n]becauseoftheinfluenceofthefollowingsound[g].
11.Back-formation
Awordofonetypeisreducedtoformanotherwordofdifferenttype.Forexample,theword?
donation?
firstcameintouseandthentheverb?
donate?
wascreatedfromit.
12.Morpheme
Itisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Forexample,thewordtouristscontainsthreemorphemestour,-ist,and-s.
13.ImmediateConstituent
Itisanapproachtodescribetheregularstructuresofthelanguage.Itisdesignedtoshowconstituentsimmediately,directly,belowthelevelofaconstruction.
14.Syntax
Thestudyofstructureandorderingofcomponentswithinasentence.
15.semantics
Thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentenceinparticular.
16.Hyponymy
Whenthemeaningofoneformisincludedinthemeaningofanother,therelationshipisdescribedashyponymy.
17.Homonymy
Itisusedwhenonewordiswrittenandspokenarethesamewhilepossessingdifferentmeanings.Forexample,thebankcanbereferredtoariverandfinancialinstitutionaswell.
18.synonymy
Itreferstothecasethattwoormoreformshaveverycloselyrelatedmeanings,whichareoften,butnotalways,intersubstitutableinsentence,suchasbroadandwide.
19.Pragmatics
Thestudyofwhatthewriterorspeakerofthosewordsintendedtoconvey.
20.Synchronic
Itisthecasethatweconcentrateonvariationinlanguageintermsofdifferenceswithinonelanguageindifferentplacesandamongdifferentgroupsatthesametime.
第一章语言的起源
概念辨析
?
The“bow-wow”theory
?
The‘’yo-heave-ho”theory
思考
“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在?
Theformertheorymeansthatprimitivewordscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlymenandwomenheardaroundthemwhile‘yo-he-ho?
theorymeansasetofgrunts,groansandcursesinvolvedinphysicaleffort
自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处?
Ontheonehand,itdoesnotanswerourquestionregardingtheoriginsofthesoundsproducedbecauseprimateshavegruntsandsocialcalls,buttheydonothavedevelopedthecapacityforspeech.Ontheotherhand,soundlessandabstractthingshavenotbeenexplainedsincealanguagecannotbeonlyasetofwordsusedas‘names?
forentities.
第三章语言的属性
概念辨析
language
Designfeaturesoflanguage
Displacement
Arbitrariness
Duality
应用
能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。
能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统
思考
人类语言有哪些功能?
First,ithasthefunctionofculturaltransmission.Peoplepassknowledge,skillsfromonegenerationtothenextonlythroughorallanguageespeciallyintheolddays,
Second,ithasthefunctionofcommunication.Humanusetheirlanguagetocommunicatewitheachother,sociallyoremotionally,toindicatetheirfriendliness,cooperationorannoyanceandpleasure.Third,itplaysanimportantroleinthinking.Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelitnecessarytospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.
动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗?
Itabsolutelyexistsinanimalcommunicationsystem.Forexample,someanimalswillpretendtodietoavoidbeingeaten.Therefore,itiscommonphenomenoninanimalforsurviveorfoods.
第五章语音学
概念辨析
Articulatory/acoustic/auditoryphonetics
mannersofarticulationvs.placesofarticulation
owels
Whethertheyareproducedwithobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.
phoneticsvs.Phonology
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