办公自动化系统毕业论文外文翻译.docx

办公自动化系统毕业论文外文翻译.docx

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办公自动化系统毕业论文外文翻译

Appendix1

OfficeAutomationSystem

OfficeAutomationisageneraltermthatincludesawiderangeofapplicationsofcomputer,communicationandinformationtechnologiesinofficeenvironments.Thoughautomationisinacontinualstateofflux,thesizeofthemarketishuge,withannualinvestmentsmeasuredinbillionsofdollars.Automationhasalterednotonlyourworkenvironment,butourveryconceptofwork.

Thetechnologyweseetodayhaditsstartinthe1960s,when3clearlyidentifiablestreamsofdevelopmentbecameevident.Thefirstwascomputing,wheretheearliestapplicationswereautomatedpayrollandinventory-controlsystems.Otherapplicationswerealsolimitedtotheprocessingofnumericaldata.Thesesystemswereusuallyoperatedonlybyprogrammersinthedata-processingdivisionoftheorganization,whojealouslyguardedtheircomputersandthepowertheirknowledgeofthecomputergavethem.Nevertheless,theapplicationsofcomputersinorganizationalsettingsgrewtoincludemoreandmorekindsofdataprocessing.

Thesecondstreamoftechnologicaldevelopmentwasintheareaoftextprocessing.Inthemid-1970sIBMintroducedaproductcalledtheMCST-MagneticCardSelectricTypewriter.Thisdevicehadaboxcrammedwithelectronicequipment.TheoperatorwouldinsertaspeciallycoatedcardthesizeandshapeofastandardIBMpunchcardintoaslotonthetopoftheboxandwouldtypeontheattachedtypewriterasusual.Thecardservedasamemorydevice,onwhichthetextwouldbewritteninacodebasedonmagnetizedspots.Onceitwasentered,thetextcouldbeeditedandplayedback,causinganewcopytobetypedoutontheattachedtypewriter.Comparedtocurrentword-processingsystems,thisonewasprimitive,butitworked.

Whilethefirst2streamswerecenteredaroundtheprocessingofinformationintheoffice,thethird,COMMUNICATIONSTECHNOLOGY,focusedonthemovementofinformationfromoneplacetoanother.Awiderangeoftechniquestoachievethisendwereintroduced,fromtelexandfacsimileservicestoservicesusingspeciallyconditionedTELEPHONElinesandothersusingsophisticatedsatellitelinksbetweendistantpoints.Theindustrytodayincludesseveraltypesofcoaxialcables,fibreopticlines,cellulartelephones,andpacket-switchedradioandtelephonelinks.

ThemostdramaticshiftforbusinessincommunicationstechnologyhasbeentheInternet.IncreasinguseoftheInternetintheformofe-mailandwebsitesistransformingtheworkenvironment.TheInternethasbrokendowntraditionalgeographicbarrierstocommunication,openedupmarkets,andcreatedanenvironmentofalmostinstantaneousfeedback.Asthegovernmentpolicyofconvergencemakeshigh-speedInternetthenorm,businesseswillrelymoreandmoreontheInternetfortheircommunicationneeds.

Whenthe3technologiesareincorporatedintoanofficeenvironment,manyimprovementsbecomepossible,buttheyaremostlyimprovementsinthespeedwithwhichworkisdoneratherthaninthekindofworkthatisdone.Officeautomationinthe1980sbegananewtrend-theintegrationofpreviouslyseparatecapabilitiesintosinglepowerful"workstations."Eventhemostbasichomeofficetodaycontains,throughtheuseofasinglecomputer,thefollowingcapabilities:

word-processingandhomepublishingabilities;accesstoinformationpreviouslystoredonfilesatotherlocations,togetherwiththeabilitytocommunicatewithotherstationsontheNetoronothernets;electronicmessagingsystems,includinganycombinationoftext,graphicsandvoice,connectinguserstoothersonthesamenetor,throughgateways,topeopleondifferentnetsinotherplaces;activity-managementsystems,includingtimemanagement,projectplanningandscheduling,andelectroniccalendarcapabilities.Informationmanagementsystemsrangefromstraightforwardstorageandretrievalsystems,wheretheuserdoesmuchoftheworkofstoringandretrieving,tosophisticatednatural-languageexpertsystems.Theseprovideassistanceforpeoplewhodealwithlargevolumesofdiversetypesofrapidlychanginginformation.Decision-supportsystemsincorporatesophisticatedprogramsonlargedatabasesthatallowtheusertoperformcomplexanalysesinawaythatimprovesthespeedandqualityofdecisionsthataremade.

Today,wecontinuetoseemajordevelopmentsinseveralareas.Thepowerofthecomputersdrivingmosttechnologycontinuestoincreaseexponentially.Notonlycancomputersprocessandholdmoreinformation,buttheyalsoprocessthisinformationwithgreaterefficiencyandspeed.Moresignificantly,computersallowtheindividualtoperformamultitudeoftasksalmostsimultaneously.Forexample,onasinglecomputeraworkercanbeconnectedtoseveralwebsitesatthesametime,receivee-mail,andworkonanumberofdifferentfiles.Aswell,thecostofthetechnologycontinuestodiminishtosuchanextentthatcomputerliteracyintheworkplaceisnowexpected.

TheImpactofOfficeAutomation

Thecomputerischangingtheofficeenvironmentmuchliketheautomobilehaschangedthecity.Effectivelyintegratedofficeautomationsystemsmayresultintherestructuringofentireorganizations,withtheemergenceofnewstructuralconfigurationsandtheeliminationofdepartmentsorentiredivisions.Thenewinformationtechnologieshaveledtoalargereductioninthesizeoftheaverageorganization'smiddleranks.Moreover,theworkerswhoremainarenolongertiedtoacentrallylocatedoffice:

telecommutinghasbecomeanewtrendinthebusinessworld.Onthepositiveside,thistrendenablesindividualstoworkfromthecomfortofhome;onthenegativeside,thislackofacommonofficeenvironmentmaycontributetotheerosionofthecitycore.Thenewtechnologiesmayalsohavethepotentialtostrengthenthepoweroftrans-nationalcorporationsinmanycountries,contributingtotheerosionofnationalautonomyanddisplacingmanypeoplewhosejobswillbeautomated.Inmostorganizationsofficeautomationhasbeenviewedasameanstocomputerizeoldproceduresandtomakeemployeesmoreproductive,ratherthantomaketheorganizationmoreeffective.

Thereisarisingleveloffearofthenewtechnologiesandtheimpacttheywillhaveonjobsecurityandontheprivacyoftheindividual.ThereisalsoconcernthattheECONOMYwillsuffergreatlyifnationalorganizationsdonotdevelopandadapttothenewtechnologies.Whetherornotnationalindustrywilllearntouseinformationtechnologiestotheiradvantageintheincreasinglycompetitiveworldsystemremainstobeseen.Itissafetosay,however,thatthetechnologieswillhaveasignificantimpactontheworkinglivesofmillionsofnationalinthecomingdecades.

OfficeAutomationSystems

Officeautomationsystems（OAS）areconfigurationsofnetworkedcomputerhardwareandsoftware.Avarietyofofficeautomationsystemsarenowappliedtobusinessandcommunicationfunctionsthatusedtobeperformedmanuallyorinmultiplelocationsofacompany,suchaspreparingwrittencommunicationsandstrategicplanning.Inaddition,functionsthatoncerequiredcoordinatingtheexpertiseofoutsidespecialistsintypesetting,printing,orelectronicrecordingcannowbeintegratedintotheeverydayworkofanorganization,savingbothtimeandmoney.

Typesoffunctionsintegratedbyofficeautomationsystemsinclude

（1）electronicpublishing;

（2）electroniccommunication;（3）electroniccollaboration;（4）imageprocessing;and（5）officemanagement.Attheheartofthesesystemsisoftenalocalareanetwork（LAN）.TheLANallowsuserstotransmitdata,voice,mail,andimagesacrossthenetworktoanydestination,whetherthatdestinationisinthelocalofficeontheLAN,orinanothercountryorcontinent,throughaconnectingnetwork.AnOASmakesofficeworkmoreefficientandincreasesproductivity.

ElectronicPublishing

Electronicpublishingsystemsincludewordprocessinganddesktoppublishing.Wordprocessingsoftware,（e.g.,MicrosoftWord,CorelWord-Perfect）allowsuserstocreate,edit,revise,store,andprintdocumentssuchasletters,memos,reports,andmanuscripts.Desktoppublishingsoftware（e.g.,AdobePagemaker,CorelVENTURA,MicrosoftPublisher）enablesuserstointegratetext,images,photographs,andgraphicstoproducehigh-qualityprintableoutput.Desktoppublishingsoftwareisusedonamicrocomputerwithamouse,scanner,andprintertocreateprofessional-lookingpublications.Thesemaybenewsletters,brochures,magazines,orbooks.

ElectronicCommunication

Electroniccommunicationsystemsincludeelectronicmail（e-mail）,voicemail,facsimile（fax）,anddesktopvideoconferencing.

ElectronicMail.

E-mailissoftwarethatallowsusers,viatheircomputerkeyboards,tocreate,send,andreceivemessagesandfilestoorfromanywhereintheworld.Moste-mailsystemslettheuserdoothersophisticatedtaskssuchasfilter,prioritize,or;forwardcopiesofmessagestootherusers;createandsavedraftsofmessages;send"carboncopies";andrequestautomaticconfirmationofthedeliveryofamessage.E-mailisverypopularbecauseitiseasytouse,offersfastdelivery,andisinexpensive.Examplesofe-mailsoftwareareEudora,LotusNotes,andMicrosoftOutlook.

VoiceMail.

Voicemailisasophisticatedtelephoneansweringmachine.Itdigitizesincomingvoicemessagesandstoresthemondisk.Whentherecipientisreadytolisten,themessageisconvertedfromitsdigitizedversionbacktoaudio,orsound.Recipientsmaysavemessagesforfutureuse,deletethem,orforwardthemtootherpeople.

Facsimile.

Afacsimileorfacsimiletransmissionmachine（FAX）scansadocumentcontainingbothtextandgraphicsandsendsitaselectronicsign