英美文学复习资料.docx
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英美文学复习资料.docx
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英美文学复习资料
英美文学
I.本期讲过的所有名家名作
II.名词术语:
Ode
——inancientliterature,isanelaboratelyricalpoemposedforachorustochantandtodanceto;inmodernuse,itisarhymedlyricexpressingnoblefeelings,oftenaddressedtoapersonorcelebratinganevent.
Alliteration
——Itisaformofinitialrhyme,orheadrhyme.
Itistherepetitionofthesamesoundorsoundsatthebeginningoftwoormorewordsthatarenexttoorclosetoeachother.
e.g.Hecameonundertheclouds,clearlysawatlast
Rage-inflamed,wreckage-bent,berippedopen
Kenning
——afigurativelanguageinordertoaddbeautytoordinaryobjects.Itisametaphorusuallyposedoftwowords,whichbeestheformulaforaspecialobject.
e.g.Helmetbearer——warrior
Swanroad——thesea
Theworldcandle——thesun
Repetition&Variation
e.g.Grendel/Thespoiler/warlikecreature/
thefoe/horriblemonster
Ahostofyoungsoldiers/apanyof
Kinsmen/awholewarrior-band
Caesura
——everylineconsistsoftwoclearlyseparatedhalflinesbetweenwhichisapause,calledcaesura.
e.g.Grendelstalking;God’sbrandwasonhim.
thegold-hallofmen,themead-drinkingplace
nailedwithgoldplates.Thatwasnotthefirstvisit
Ballad
——isaformofverse,oftenanarrativesettomusic.BalladswereparticularlycharacteristicofthepopularpoetryandsongoftheBritishIslesfromthelatermedievalperioduntilthe19thcenturyandusedextensivelyacrossEuropeandlatertheAmericas,AustraliaandNorthAfrica.Manyballadswerewrittenandsoldassinglesheetbroadsides.Theformwasoftenusedbypoetsandposersfromthe18thcenturyonwardstoproducelyricalballads.Inthelater19thcenturyittookonthemeaningofaslowformofpopularlovesongandthetermisnowoftenusedassynonymouswithanylovesong,particularlythepoporrockpowerballad.
Epic
——isalengthynarrativepoem,ordinarilyconcerningaserioussubjectcontainingdetailsofheroicdeedsandeventssignificanttoacultureornation.Thefirstepicsareknownasprimary,ororiginal,epics.OnesuchepicistheOldEnglishstoryBeowulf.EpicsthatattempttoimitatetheselikeMilton’sParadiseLostareknownasliterary,orsecondary,epics.
ØThesixmaincharacteristics:
1.Theheroisoutstanding.Hemightbeimportant,andhistoricallyorlegendarilysignificant.
2.Thesettingislarge.Itcoversmanynations,ortheknownworld.
3.Theactionismadeofdeedsofgreatvalororrequiringsuperhumancourage.
4.Supernaturalforces—gods,angels,demons—insertthemselvesintheaction.
5.Itiswritteninaveryspecialstyle.
6.Thepoettriestoremainobjective.
Sonnet(ItalianSonnet,ShakespeareanSonnet,SpenserianSonnet,MiltonicSonnet)
①Italiansonnet
vcreatedbyGiaodaLentini,headoftheSicilianSchool.
vPetrarch(1304-1374)mostfamousearlysonneteer
vItfallsintotwomainparts:
vanoctaverhyming“abbaabba〞(setupaproblem)+volta
vfollowedbyasestetrhyming“cdecde〞orsomevariant,suchas“cdccdc〞(answer)
②English/Shakespeareansonnet
vThegreatestpractitioner:
WilliamShakespeare
vthreequatrainsfollowedbyacouplet
voftenpresentsarepetition-with-variationofastatementineachofthethreequatrains
vThefinalcoupletintheEnglishsonnetusuallyimposesanepigrammaticturnattheend.
——afourteen-linepoemofiambicpentameters.Thisformismadeupof3quatrainsandacouplet,rhyming:
ababcdcdefefgg
③Spenseriansonnet
vAvariantontheEnglishformistheSpenseriansonnet,namedafterEdmundSpenser
vthreequatrainsconnectedbytheinterlockingrhymeschemeandfollowedbyacouplet
vtherhymeschemeisabab,bcbc,cdcd,ee
——hastherhymeschemeababbcbccdcdeeandnobreakbetweentheoctave(aneightlinestanza)andthesestet(asixlinestanza).ItisnamedaftertheElizabethanpoetEdmundSpenser.
④MiltonicSonnet
Conceit
——inliterature,aconceitisanextendedmetaphorwithaplexlogicthatgovernsapoeticpassageorentirepoem.Byjuxtaposing,usurpingandmanipulatingimagesandideasinsurprisingways,aconceitinvitesthereaderintoamoresophisticatedunderstandingofanobjectofparison.ExtendedconceitsinEnglisharepartofthepoeticidiomofMannerism,duringthelatersixteenthandearlyseventeenthcentury.
Simile
— is a figure of speech which makes a parison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in mon. Simile is almost always introduced by the following words:
like, as, as…as, as it were, as if, as though, be something of, similar to, etc.
Metaphor
— is a figure of speech where parison is implied. It is also a parison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this parison is implied, not expressed with the word "as" or "like".
Symbol
——Inliteraryusage,asymbolisaspeciallyevocativekindofimage:
thatis,awordorphrasereferringtoaconcreteobject,scene,oractionwhichalsohassomefurthersignificanceassociatedwithit.
ØTypesofSymbols
I.Universalorculturalsymbols/traditionalsymbols
arethosewhoseassociationsarethemonpropertyofasocietyorcultureandaresowidelyrecognizedandacceptedthattheycanbesaidtobealmostuniversal.
e.g.water—life
Serpent—theDevil
Lamb—JesusChrist
II.Contextual,Authorial,orPrivatesymbols
arethosewhoseassociationsareneitherimmediatenortraditional;instead,theyderivetheirmeaning,largelyifnotexclusively,fromthecontextoftheworkinwhichtheyareused.
e.g.thealbatrossinColeridge’s“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner〞
Synecdoche
——afigureofspeechinwhichapartissubstitutedforawholeorawholeforapart
e.g.Mybabywokeforabottle.[提喻用局部代替全体,或用全体代替局部,或特殊代替一般.]
Oxymoron
——isafigureofspeechthatjuxtaposeselementsthatappeartobecontradictory.Oxymoraappearinavarietyofcontexts,includinginadvertenterrors(suchas"groundpilot")andliteraryoxymoronscraftedtorevealaparadox.Themostmonformofoxymoroninvolvesanadjective–nounbinationoftwowords.Forexample,thefollowinglinefromTennyson'sIdyllsoftheKingcontainstwooxymora:
Andfaithunfaithfulkepthimfalselytrue.
e.g.painfulpleasureathunderoussilence
Pun
——Thepun,alsocalledparonomasia,isaformofwordplaythatsuggeststwoormoremeanings,byexploitingmultiplemeaningsofwords,orofsimilar-soundingwords,foranintendedhumorousorrhetoricaleffect.Punsareusedtocreatehumorandsometimesrequirealargevocabularytounderstand.Punshavelongbeenusedbyedywriters,suchasWilliamShakespeare,OscarWilde,andGeorgeCarlin.
ØPunscanbeclassifiedinvariousways:
①Thehomophonicpun,amontype,useswordpairswhichsoundalike(homophones)butarenotsynonymous.
②Ahomographicpunexploitswordswhicharespelledthesame(homographs)butpossessdifferentmeaningsandsounds.
③Homonymicpuns,anothermontype,arisefromtheexploitationofwordswhicharebothhomographsandhomophones.
④Apoundpunisastatementthatcontainstwoormorepuns.
⑤Arecursivepunisoneinwhichthesecondaspectofapunreliesontheunderstandingofanelementinthefirst.
⑥Visualpunsareusedinmanylogos,emblems,insignia,andothergraphicsymbols,inwhichoneormoreofthepunaspectsarereplacedbyapicture.
Personification
——afigureofspeechwhichrepresentsabstractionsorinanimateobjectswithhumanqualities,includingphysical,emotional,andspiritual;theapplicationofhumanattributesorabilitiestononhumanentities.
Exaggeration
Dramaticmonologue
——akindofpoeminwhichthespeakerisimaginedtobeaddressingasilentaudience
Irony
——initsbroadestsense,isa rhetoricaldevice, literarytechnique,oreventcharacterizedbyanincongruity,orcontrast,betweenwhattheexpectationsofasituationareandwhatisreallythecase.
——Asubtlyhumorousperceptionofinconsistency,inwhichanapparentlystraightforwardstatementoreventisunderminedbyitscontextsoastogiveitaverydifferentsignificance.
Allusion
——isafigureofspeech,inwhichonereferscovertlyorindirectlytoanobjectorcircumstancefromanexternalcontext.Itislefttothereaderorhearertomaketheconnection;wheretheconnectionisdetailedindepthbytheauthor,itispreferabletocallit"areference".Literaryallusioniscloselyrelatedtoparodyandpastiche,whicharealso"text-linking"literarydevices.AtypeofliteraturehasgrownroundexplorationsoftheallusionsinsuchworksasAlexanderPope'sTheRapeoftheLockorT.S.Eliot'sTheWasteLand.JamesJoyce
Romanticism
——Romanticismwasanartistic,literaryandintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturyinEurope.Inpart,itwasarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsofthe AgeofEnlightenment andareactionagainstthescientific rationalizationofnature. Itwasembodiedmoststronglyinthevisualarts,music,andliterature.
Modernism
——Modernismisarathervaguetermwhichisusedtoapplytotheworksofagroupofpoets,novelists,painters,andmusiciansbetween1910andtheearlyyearsaftertheWorldWarII.Thetermincludesvarioustrendsorschools,suchasimagism,expressionism,dadaism,streamofconsciousness,andexistentialism.ItmeansadeparturefromtheconventionalcriteriaorestablishedvaluesoftheVictorianage.
ØThebasicthemesofmodernism:
1.Alienationandlonelinessarethebasicthemesofmodernism.Intheeyesofmodernistwriters,themodernworldisachaoticoneandisinprehensible.
2.Althoughmodernsocietyismateriallyrich,itisspirituallybarren.Itisalandofspiritualandemotionalsterility.
3.Humanbeingsarehelplessbeforeaninprehensibleworldandno
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