语言学复习资料-音系学(英语).doc
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语言学复习资料-音系学(英语).doc
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Chapter2:
Phonology
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.
2Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.
4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.
5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.
6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.
8. Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:
thethroat,themouthandthechest.
9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.
10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.
11. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.
12. Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:
thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.
13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.
14. Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.
15. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.
16. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.
17. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.
18. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.
19. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.
20. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21. A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.
22. A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.
23. Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.
24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.
25.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.
26.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.
[endif]>
27.S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.
28.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules.
29.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.
30. Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.
31.P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.
32.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:
thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.
33. T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.
[endif]>
34.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:
wordstressands_________stress.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
35.Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.
A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords
36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.
A.voicelessB.voiced
C.vowelD.consonantal
37.__________isavoi
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- 语言学 复习资料 音系 英语