最新语言学复习提纲.docx
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最新语言学复习提纲.docx
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最新语言学复习提纲
Understandinglinguisticterms
1.Blending;Acronym,back-formation
2.sociolinguisticsspeechcommunity,speechvariety,regionaldialect,sociolect,idiolect,ethnicdialect,register,standarddialect,pidginandcreole,bilingualismanddiglossia
3.Sapir-Whorfhypothesis,interculturalcommunication
4.languageacquisition,CPH(CriticalPeriodHypothesis);N.Chomsky’sLAD;Telegraphicspeech
5.learningstrategies;interlanguage;comprehensibleinput;languageaptitude;motivation;languagetransfer;cross-association;contrastiveanalysis;SLA(secondlanguageacquisition)
6.Neurolinguistics;cerebralCortex;Broca’sAphasia;Spoonerism,primingexperiment;syntacticparsergardenpathsentence;psycholinguistics
QuestionAnswering
1.Whatarethemajorcausesoflanguagechange?
2.Giveexamplestoshowvocabularychange.
3.GiveatleastthreeexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofAmericanEnglishonBritishEnglish.
4.Whatarethethreemajortheoriesofchildlanguageacquisition?
5.Givebriefaccountoftheimportantrolethatlinguisticenvironmentplaysinchildlanguagedevelopment.
6.Whatistheroleofnativelanguageinsecondorforeignlanguagelearning?
7.Whataretheindividualdifferencesinsecondorforeignlanguageacquisition?
8.DescribeLevelt’sspeechproductionmodelinyourownwords.
9.Whatarethemajorpsycholinguisticsmethods?
10.DescribethemajorsymptomsofBroca’saphasia.
11.whatisthesignificanceofculturalteachingandlearning?
PartI.BlankFilling(20x1.530marks)
Directions:
Completetheflowingstatementsconcerningsomebasiclinguisticconcepts.
1.AccordingtoChomsky,whenwedetermineaword’scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namely____________,inflectionand____________.
2.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisa____________study;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa____________study.Inmodernlinguistics,theformerapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoverthelatter..
3.AccordingtoPaulGrice’sCooperativePrinciple,therearefourmaximsinnaturalconversation,includingthemaximof____________,themaximofquality,themaximof___________andthemaximofmanner.
4.Thesyntacticcategoryofthespecifierdiffersdependingonthecategoryofthehead.DeterminersserveasthespecifiersofNswhile__________typicallyfunctionasthespecifiersofVsanddegreewordsasthespecifiersofAsandsometimes__________.
5.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocal____________usedforhuman____________.
6.N.Chomsky,theAmericanlinguist,proposedthedistinctionbetween____________and____________,theformerisdefinedastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andthelatterdefinedastheactualrealizationofhisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
7.AccordingtotheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,humanlanguagediffersfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationinthatithasitsdesignfeatures,suchasarbitrariness,productivity,____________,displacementandcultural____________.
8.Sentencecanbedefinedasasequenceofwordsarrangedinacertain____________inaccordancewithacertain_____________rules.
9.Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthe____________mediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthe_____________thatoccurintheworld’slanguages.
10.Inthestudyofsemantics,senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthe____________ofthelinguisticform;itis____________andde-contextualized.
PartII.TrueorFalse(10x1=10marks)
Directions:
Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).
1.Accordingtotransformationalsyntax,thephrase“talkabout”hastwoelements,ofwhichtheV“talk”belongstomajorlexicalcategoryandtheP“about”belongstominorlexicalcategory.()
2.Accordingtolexicalsenserelations,thewords‘give’and‘take’arecomplementaryantonyms.()
3.Semantically,thesentence“Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.”isacontradiction.()
4.Concerningthesenserelation,theword“table”isthehyponymoftheword“furniture”.()
5.AccordingtoJohnSearle,threatening,like“Yourmoneyoryourlife!
”belongstodirective.()
6.Accordingtothemorphology,theword“disagreement”containsthreemorphemes:
dis+agree+ment,amongwhichthemorpheme“agree”belongstofreemorphemeand“dis,ment”areboundmorphemes.()
7.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompoundsisthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,andthesecondelementreceivessecondarystress,suchasgreenhouse,hotdog.()
8.Accordingtothesenserelationsbetweensentences,thesentence“HehasbeentoHungary”isanentailmentofthesentence“HehasbeentoEurope.”()
9.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptiveratherthandescriptive.()
10.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,theEnglishconsonants[p]and[b]belongtobilabialwhile[f]and[v]arelabiodental.()
PartIII.UnderstandingofLinguisticTerms(4x5=20marks)
Directions:
Pleasegiveabriefexplanationofthefollowinglinguisticterms.
1.Pragmatics
2.Phoneme
3.Polysemy
4.Syntacticcategory
PartVI.QuestionAnswering
Directions:
Pleaseanswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.
1.TheXPruleisusuallydescribedas:
XP(specifier)X(complement*)
PleaseexplaintheaboveruleinsimpleEnglish.(10points)
2.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?
(15points)
3.Smithsaidtohisclassmate:
“John,youhavebeenkeepingmynotesforawholeweeknow.”
AccordingtoAustin’sspeechacttheory,explainthethreeacts(locutionary,illocutionary,andperlocutionary)thatSmithispossiblyperformingwhilemakingtheaboveutterance?
(15points)
KeytotheTestA
PartIBlankingfilling:
1.symbolscommunication
2.competenceperformance
3.dualitytransmission
4.speechsounds
5.meaningdistribution
6.synchronicdiachronic
7.quantityrelation
8.ordergramatical
9.qualifiersPs
10.featuresabstract
PartIITrueorFalse
1.F2.F3.T.4.T5.T.6.T.7.T8.F9.F10T
PartIIIUnderstandingoflinguisticterms
1.Pragmatics:
ageneraldefinitionisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingandunderstandingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.Includingdeixis,speechacts,indirectlanguage,conversation,politeness,cross-culturalcommunication,andpresupposition.
2.Phoneme:
Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisaabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.
3.Polysemy:
Whiledifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchwordiscalledapolysemicword.
4.Syntacticcategory:
Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Afundamentalfactaboutwordsinallhumanlanguagesisthattheycanbegroupedtogetherintoarelativelysmallnumberofclasses,calledsyntacticcategory..
PartVIQuestionanswering:
1.TheXPruleisusuallydescribedas:
XP(specifier)X(complement*)
PleaseexplaintheaboveruleinsimpleEnglish.(10points)
Xstandsforahead,i.e.anymajorword-levelcategory,suchasN,V,AandP.
Thearrowmeans“consistsof”or“branchesinto”.
Theparentheses()meantheelementinthemcanbeomittedandtheasterisk*indicatesthatoneormorecategorycanoccur.Therulecanbedescribedasfollows:
Anyphraseconsistsofaheadandmaybeaspecifierontheleftsideofthehead,andmaybeoneormorecomplementontherightsideofthehead.
2.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?
(15points)
Namingtheory;Representative:
Plato;Majoropinion:
Wordsarejustnamesandlabelsforthings.
Theconceptualistview;Representative:
OgdenandRichards;theconceptisthemeaningoftheword.
Contexualism;Representative:
J.R.Firth;themeaningofawordisdeterminedbyitsuseinthecontext,includingsituationalcontextandlinguisticcontext.
Behaviorism;Representative:
Bloomfield;themeaningconsistsintherelationbetweenspeechandthepracticalevents.
3.Smithsaidtohisclassmate:
“John,youhavebeenkeepingmynotesforawholeweeknow.”
AccordingtoAustin’sspeechacttheory,explainthethreeacts(locutionary,illocutionary,andperlocutionary)thatSmithispossiblyperformingwhilemakingtheaboveutterance?
(15points)
(omitted)
PartI.BlankFilling(20x1.530marks)
Directions:
Completetheflowingstatementsconcerningsomebasiclinguisticconcepts.
11.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyof____________.Itisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematic_________________oflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.
12.TheSwisslinguist,F.deSaussure,madethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,theformerreferstothe__________linguisticsystemshearedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,whilethelatterreferstotherealizationoflangueinactual__________.
13.AccordingtotheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett,humanlanguagediffersfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationinthatithasitsdesignfeatures,ofwhichdisplacementisone,whichmeanslanguagecanbeusedtoreferto__________removedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthe__________.
14.Aninitialclassificationin
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