太阳能投资回报率计算共12页文档.docx
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太阳能投资回报率计算共12页文档.docx
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太阳能投资回报率计算共12页文档
http:
//coolflatroof/solar-power-guide.php
SolarPVGuide:
Prices,Design,Installation&Pay-offPeriod(ROI)
SolarPhoto-voltaic(PV)technologyisthewayofthefuture,forgeneratingandsupplyingelectricpowerforhomesandbusinessesintheUSandacrosstheworld.DespitethegreatpotentialofSolarPV,currentcostandefficiencyofsolarpanelsmakesthemagreen,yetexpensivealternativetoconventionalwaysofgeneratingelectricity,suchasCoal,GasandOilfiredpowerplantsaswellasNuclearandHydroelectricity.
Mainobstaclethatisholdingthewide-spreadofsolarPVisthelongROI(returnoninvestment)thatinsomesituationsmayexceed10years.Fortunately,USfederalgovernmentandlocalandstategovernmentshaveamultitudeofincentivesandrebateprogramsforsolarandotherrenewableenergyprojects.
PlanningaSolarPVsystem
WhenconsideringinstallingaSolarPVsystem,youashomeorbusinessownerwillneedatoknowthefuturesizeofyoursolarsysteminkW(1kilowattis1000watts)andthecostassociatedwiththissolarsystem.Youalsoneedtoestablishyourcurrentannualelectricityusageanddecideifyouwanttoreduceorcompletelyeliminatetheuseofelectricitythatyoupurchasefromyourutilitycompany.
First,gatheryourelectricbillsforthelast12months,recordyourtotalelectricityconsumption–thenumberofkW-hours,andyourthetotalamountyouhadtopay,excludinganylatefeesandothermiscellaneousfees.DivideyourtotalcostbythetotalnumberofkWh–thiswillgiveyourealcostperkWh.
InMassachusetts,averagecostofelectricityforresidentialuseis19-24centsperkWh,and15-17centsperkWhforcommercialuse.Botharesettoincreaseby20%innearfuture,asannouncedinApril2008,bylocalutilitycompanies.
DesigningaSolarPVsystem,tailoredforyourneed
InMassachusettsandsurroundingstates,wehaveanaverageof4.5sunhoursperdayannually.Thisaccountsforrainyandcloudydaysaswellaslong,sunnysummerdaysandshortwinterdays.
Tomakebestuseofyoursolarsystem,youwillneedtocaptureasmuchsun-lightaspossible,thereforethebestlocationtoplaceyoursolarsystemisonthesouth-facingsideoftheroof.Youalsowantthemtobeinstalledatacertainangle–about20-30degrees.Assumingthe4.5hoursofsunperday,a1kWSolarPVsystemwillproduce4.5kWhperday,and135kWhina30-daymonth(4.5x30days).PleasekeepinmindthattheenergyproducedisinDCvolts,andwhenitgoesthroughtheconversionintoAC,youloseabout20-25%ofthatelectricity.
Averagehouseholdelectricconsumptionis750kWhpermonthforasinglefamilyhome.Tocover100%ofthisconsumptionwithsolarelectricity,youwillneedabout8kWsolarPVsystem.135kWhDCx8=1080kWh–25%=810kWhACat100%productionoutputofsolarpanel.NotethatALLsolarpanelslooseanaverageof0.5%ofproductionoutputperyear,or10%throughits20-yearwarrantyperiod.
Averageresidentialsolarinstallationis2-4kWsystemwhichusuallyeliminates50-70%ofelectricpowerthatyoupurchase.Howeverthoseinstallationsarestilldependentonadditionalelectricity.
Commercialsolarinstallationscanrangefrom10kWtoover1MW(1megawatt=1000kW).CommercialSolarPVsystemscansupplypowertothebuildingtheyareinstalledonortheymaybeasocalledsolarfarm–orasolarpowerplantsupplyingelectricpowerdirectlyintoelectricgrid.Forpurposeofthisguide,wewillconcentrateonsmaller,roof-topsolarinstallationsforindividualhomeorbusinessuse,assolarfarmstopicgoeswaybeyondthescopeofthisguide,andisconsideredapowerutilityfortaxesandotherpurposes.
SolarPVCost
NationalaveragecosttoinstallaSolarPVsystemrangesfrom$9to$12perwattor$9000-12000perkWDC(directcurrent)ofsolarsysteminstalled,withsmallerinstallationsbeingatthetopforthispricerangeduetofixedcostssuchasequipment,setup,installation,permitsandpaperwork.
MostexpensivecomponentofthesolarPVsystemarethesolarpanelsthemselves,howeverequipmentsuchasinverter(whichconvertsDCintoACandfeedsitintoyourmeter)alsoaddconsiderableamounttoasmallersizePVsystems.Thereforefora3kWresidentialsolarsystem,thecostwillbearound$11perwattor$33000totalsystemcostwhenusingconventionalsolarpanels
Fortunatelythe$33000pricetagisnotyouactualcost,asmanystateshaveawiderangeofrebatesforsolarPVinstallationsaswellasfederaltaxcredits,availableforbothcommercialandresidentialsystems.
ROIandpay-offperiodforSolarPV
ForpurposesofthisguidewewillusetwohypotheticalsolarPVsystems–onebeinga4kWresidentialsystemandtheotherbeinga25kWcommercialsystem.Tosimplifythisguideandtoavoidanyconfus
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