TPO 23阅读详细解析.docx
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TPO 23阅读详细解析.docx
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TPO23阅读详细解析
TPO23
1.Theword“enormous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.growing
B.frightening
C.verylarge
D.strictlycontrolled
2.Theword“surpass”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.remainbelow
B.behigherthan
C.addto
D.comecloseto
3.Accordingtoparagraph2,howsoonheatfromawarmedhousereachestheoutsideairgreatlyaffectedby
A.howwellthehouseisheated
B.howwellthehouseisinsulated
C.howmanyadultsliveinthehouse
D.howmuchsunshinethehousereceives
4.Accordingtoparagraph3,eachofthefollowingcontributestomakingurbanareaswarmerthanthesurroundingcountrysideEXCEPT
A.thefuelburnedbymotorvehicles
B.thecapacitytostoreheatofthematerialsusedinbuildingacity
C.theeasyflowofheatintothegroundincityareascoveredbyvegetation
D.therepeatedreflectionofsolarradiationbackandforthamongbuildings
5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whydomaterialsinthecountrysidehavealowerheatcapacitythanmaterialsincitiesdo?
A.InthecountrysideintheSunistheonlyimportantsourceofheat.
B.Constructionmaterialsinthecityarenotasgoodatkeepingbuildingswarmastheyareinthecountryside.
C.Inthecountrysidethesolarheatthatflowsintothegroundflowsoutagainquickly.
D.Countrysidevegetationpreventsheatfrombeingtrappedintheground.
6.Howisparagraph3organized?
A.Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandthenprovidestwocausesforthesecondfactor.
B.Itdescribestwocausesdiscoveredinanearlyanalysisoftheincreasedheatofcities.
C.Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandtwootherfactorsthatworkagainstit.
D.Itdescribestwowell-establishedcausesoftheincreasedheatofcitiesandothertwowhoserolesarelesswellunderstood.
7.Theword“configuration”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.location
B.history
C.temperature
D.shape
8.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatcanexplainthesubstantialdifferencesintemperaturebetweenoneareaandotherwithinawell-developedheatisland?
A.Theoverallsizeoftheheatislandthatincludesthetworeasons
B.Theintensifyoftheheatislandthatincludesthetwoareas
C.Differencesbetweenthetwoareasinthegenerallevelofactivity,includingtraffic
D.Differencesbetweenthetwoareasintheinsulationmaterialsusedinconstruction
9.Paragraph4supportstheideathatacity’sheat-islandintensitywouldincreaseif
A.thecitywentintoaneconomicdeclineandlostpopulation
B.thecity’seconomyshiftedfromheavyindustrytohealthcareandeducation
C.therewasanupwardtrendintheaverageageofthecity’sresidents
D.repairworkonthestreetsslowedtrafficthroughoutthecity
10.Accordingtoparagraph5,surfacesinthecityaregenerallydrierthansurfacesinthecountrysidebetweenperiodsofrainfallbecause
A.inthecitygentlerainismuchmorecommonthanheavyrain
B.hightemperaturesinthecityspeeduptheprocessofevaporation
C.inthecitytherearelongerperiodsofdryweatherbetweenepisodesofrain
D.rainwaterinthecitycannotsoakintomostsurfacesandquicklyrunsoff
11.Theword“modified”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.changed
B.blocked
C.increased
D.weakened
12.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingisafactorresponsibleforthegreaterairturbulenceinurbanenvironments?
A.Thehighspeedofthewindstravellingabovecities
B.Thegreaterrainfalltotalsrecordedincities
C.Attemptstoreduceurbanairpollution
D.Theeffectsoftallbuildingsonairflow
13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Anotherpossibilityisfortheheatislandtobestretchedalongthecourseofmajorrivers,sincelargewaterwaystypicallyhaveawarmingeffectontheairdirectlyabovethem.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
14.Citiescreateclimaticconditionsoftheirownthroughtheirphysicalstructureandurbanactivities.
AnswerChoices
A.Theamountofheatproducedinacitywillbereducedwhencitiesusetheheatfromcarstowarmhomes.
B.Thebuilt-uplandscapeofthecityreadilybecomesaheatisland,withgreaterwaterrunoffandspecialclimaticconditionssuchaslowrelativehumidityandincreasedairturbulence.
C.Thematerialsfromwhichcitiesarebuiltandtheeffectsofpollutiondomeshelpmakeurbanareaswarmerthanruralareas.
D.Citiestendtobewarmerthantheirsurroundingareas,inpartbecausetheyproduceheatbyburningfuelforheating,poweringvehicles,andindustrialproduction.
E.Inmostcities,theheatingthatresultsfromsolarradiationisintensifiedbycarbondioxide,agasthatispresentatveryhighconcentrationsincities’atmospheres.
F.Duringperiodswithoutrainfall,theairincitiesheatsupandcauseswindstoslowdown,withtheresultthatpollutantsarenotdispersed.
UrbanClimates
Thecityisanextraordinaryprocessorofmassandenergyandhasitsownmetabolism.Adailyinputofwater,food,andenergyofvariouskindsismatchedbyanoutputofsewage,solidwaste,airpollutants,energy,andmaterialsthathavebeentransformedinsomeway.Thequantitiesinvolvedareenormous.Manyaspectsofthisenergyuseaffecttheatmosphereofacity,particularlyintheproductionofheat.
InwintertheheatproducedbyacitycanequalorsurpasstheamountofheatavailablefromtheSun.Alltheheatthatwarmsabuildingeventuallytransferstothesurroundingair,aprocessthatisquickestwherehousesarepoorlyinsulated.Butanautomobileproducesenoughheattowarmanaveragehouseinwinter,andifahousewereperfectlyinsulated,oneadultcouldalsoproducemorethanenoughheattowarmit.Therefore,evenwithoutanyindustrialproductionofheat,anurbanareatendstobewarmerthanthecountrysidethatsurroundsit.
Theburningoffuel,suchasbycars,isnottheonlysourceofthisincreasedheat.Twootherfactorscontributetothehigheroveralltemperatureincities.Thefirstistheheatcapacityofthematerialsthatconstitutethecity,whichistypicallydominatedbyconcreteandasphalt.Duringtheday,heatfromtheSuncanbeconductedintothesematerialsandstored—tobereleasedatnight.Butinthecountrysidematerialshaveasignificantlylowerheatcapacitybecauseavegetativeblanketpreventsheatfromeasilyflowingintoandoutoftheground.ThesecondfactoristhatradiantheatcomingintothecityfromtheSunistrappedintwoways:
(1)byacontinuingseriesofreflectionamongthenumerousverticalsurfacesthatbuildingspresentand
(2)bythedustdome,thecloudlikelayerofpollutedairthatmostcitiesproduce.ShortwaveradiationfromtheSunpassesthroughthepollutiondomemoreeasilythanoutgoinglongwaveradiationdoes;thelatterisabsorbedbythegaseouspollutantsofthedomeandreradiatedbacktotheurbansurface.
Cities,then,arewarmerthanthesurroundingruralareas,andtogethertheyproduceaphenomenonknownastheurbanheatisland.Heatislandsdevelopbestunderparticularconditionsassociatedwithlightwinds,buttheycanformalmostanytime.Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.Forexample,thewindcanmakeaheatislandstretchinthedirectionitblows.Whenaheatislandiswelldeveloped,variationscanbeextreme;inwinter,busystreetsincitiescanbe1.7℃warmerthanthesidestreets.Areasneartrafficlightscanbesimilarlywarmerthantheareasbetweenthembecauseoftheeffectofcarsstandingintrafficinsteadofmoving.Themaximumdifferencesintemperaturebetweenneighboringurbanandruralenvironmentsiscalledtheheat-islandintensityforthatregion.Ingeneral,thelargerthecity,thegreateritsheat-islandintensity.Theactuallevelofintensitydependsonsuchfactorsasthephysicallayout,populationdensity,andproductiveactivitiesofametropolis.
Thesurface-atmosphererelationshipsinsidemetropolitanareasproduceanumberofclimaticpeculiarities.Foronething,thepresenceorabsenceofmoistureisaffectedbythespecialqualitiesoftheurbansurface.Withmuchofthebuilt-uplandscapeimpenetrablebywater,evengentlerainrunsoffalmostimmediatelyfromrooftops,streets,andparkinglots.Thus,citysurfaces,aswellastheairabovethem,tendtobedrierbetweenepisodesofrain;withlittlewateravailableforthecoolingprocessofevaporation,relativehumiditiesareusuallylower.Windmovementsarealsomodifiedincitiesbecausebuildingsincreasethefrictiononairflowingaroundthem.Thisfrictiontendstoslowthespeedofwinds,makingthemfarlessefficientatdispersingpollutants.Ontheotherhand,airturbulenceincreasesbecauseoftheeffectofskyscrapersonairflow.Rainfallisalsoincreasedincities.Thecauseappearstobeinpartgreaterturbulenceintheurbanatmosphereashotairrisesfromthebuilt-upsurface.
Cities,then,arewarmerthanthesurroundingruralareas,andtogethertheyproduceaphenomenonknownastheurbanheatisland.Heatislandsdevelopbestunderparticularconditionsassociatedwithlightwinds,buttheycanformalmostanytime.■Thepreciseconfigurationofaheatislanddependsonseveralfactors.■Forexample,thewindcanmakeaheatislandstretchinthedirectionitblows.■Whenaheatislandiswelldeveloped,variationscanbeextreme;inwinter,busystreetsincitiescanbe1.7℃warmerthanthesidestreets.■Areasneartrafficlightscanbesimilarlywarmerthantheareasbetweenthembecauseoftheeffectofcarsstandingintrafficinsteadofmoving.Themaximumdifferencesintemperaturebe
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