《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习.docx
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《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章期末复习.docx
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ChapteroneIntroduction
1.1什么是语言学
1.1.1定义
语言学Linguistics
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
1.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics语言学分支必考P2
普通语言学GeneralLinguistics
ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.
Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.(语音学)
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.(音位学)
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.(形态学)
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax(句法学)
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.(语义学)
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.(语用学)
1.1.3Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics成对的概念辨析差异必考P3
(1)Prescriptiveanddescriptive规定与描写
Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.
规定性Prescriptive
Itaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.
描述性Descriptive
Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
(2)Synchronicanddiachronic共时和历时
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.
历时语言学Diachroniclinguistics
Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
共时语言学Synchronicallinguistics
Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.
(3)Speechandwriting口头语与书面语
Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:
1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.
(4)Langueandparole语言和言语必考名解P4
TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.
语言langue(抽象)
Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.
言语parole(具体)
Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.
(5)Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用
ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.
Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.
语言能力Competence(抽象)
Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
语言运用performance(具体)
Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。
(6)Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics传统语法和现代语法
ItisgenerallybelievedthatthebeginningofmodernlinguisticswasmarkedbythepublicationofF·deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.Beforethatistraditionalgrammar.
Differencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.
Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
(Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的,其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。
traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.传统语法是规定性的,研究‘高级’书面语。
)
1.2什么是语言
1.2.1定义
语言language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage必考P8
Itreferstothedefiningproper
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