A Study of Gender Differences in Language in College TeachersUndergraduates Criticism.docx
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AStudyofGenderDifferencesinLanguageinCollegeTeachersUndergraduatesCriticism
AStudyofGenderDifferencesinLanguageinCollegeTeachers-Undergraduates’Criticism
Abstract:
Asoneofthepopularstudies,genderdifferencesinlanguageattractmanyattentions.Itisalsoanimportantpartoflanguageculture.Thegenderdifferencesinlanguagearestudiedinmanysubjects.Asfarasthisthesisisconcerned,itisdifferentfromthepreviousstudies.Theresearchwillbedoneaboutthegenderdifferencesoflanguageincollegeteachers-undergraduates’criticismthroughquantitativeapproach.Thisnewviewpointwillmakethepapermeaningful.
Keywords:
GenderDifferencesinLanguageCriticism
1.TheIntroductionofGenderDifferencesinLanguage
Genderdifferencesinlanguagehavebeenstudiedinmanyfieldsallovertheworld.Thestudyofgenderdifferenceshasbeendiscussedbymanydisciplinessuchaspsychology,sociology,communications,women’sstudiesaswellaslinguistics.Genderdifferenceshavebeendiscussedinsomanydifferentfieldsthatgenderdifferencesisaninterdisciplinarybranchoflearning.ThefirstpersonwhostudiedgenderdifferencesinlanguageisJesperson,aDanishlinguist.Inhisworkpublishedin1922,heillustratesthedistinguishingfeaturesofwomen’slanguageandthedifferencesbetweenmen’slanguageandwomen’slanguage.Onthebasisofthestudyofgenderdifferencesinlanguage,somelinguists(Trudgill,1984;Zimmerman&West,1975;Thorne&Henley,1975)dothestudyfurtherandpointoutthatgenderdifferencesinlanguage,infact,arethephenomenaoflanguagediscrimination.Inrecentyears,manyresearchers(Fasold,2000;HaoCunxia,2000;BaiJiehong,2001;Matsumura,2001;Weatheral2002)havestudiedgenderdifferencesinlanguagefromintra-linguisticstointer-linguistics.
2.TheSignificanceofthisPaper
Genderdifferencesinlanguagealsohavegreatimpactonthefieldofteaching.Therelationshipbetweenteachersandstudentsfromthegenderaspecthasbeenpaidspecialattentionto.Asisknowntoall,maleteachers’communicationwithmalestudentsmustbedifferentfromtheircommunicationwithfemalestudents.Andthesamethingoccurstofemaleteachers.Whenteachersfacethestudentsofthesamegenderortheoppositegender,theyareboundtochoosedifferenttones,vocabulariesandwaysinstinctively.However,manyteachersareunawareofthegenderdifferenceincommunicationexistingintheirteaching,ortheyareawareofthegenderdifferenceincommunication,buttheydon’tpaymuchattentiontoit,muchlessdotheresearchonthissubject.Collegeteachersshouldtakethegenderdifferenceincommunicationwhichisinevitabletoaffectourteachingintoconsideration,evenmakestudiesonit.Onlybydoingsocancollegeteachersimprovetheteachingandpromotethestudents’inputandoutputoftheknowledge.
3.ResearchMethodology
Aquestionnaireisdesignedtoconductsurvey,whichcontainstwoparts.Inpartone,thereare28multiplechoicequestions;inparttwo,4open-endedquestionsarearranged.240collegestudentsareaskedtoanswermyquestionnaire,amongthem,120aremale,and120arefemale.TheseobjectsofmystudycomefromNortheastDianLiUniversity.
4.GenderDifferencesinLanguageinCollegeTeachers-Undergraduates’Criticism
Becausecriticismisthenecessary,inevitableandmostcommonphenomenonintheclassesandteacher-studentmeetings,theresearchwillbeconductedfromthisaspect.Inaddition,criticismwillbeexploredoutoftheserespects:
thewayteachersconducttheircriticism(direct/indirect),theamountoftalk(large/small),thechoiceofwords(sharp/gentle,dirty,humorous)aswellastheaccompanimentsofcriticism(warningandpunishment).
Inthispaper,thefindingsofstudywillbemanifestedmainlythroughquantitativeanalysis.Thestatisticalresultsofthefirstpartinquestionnairewillbepresentedintableform,whichcanindicatethegenderdifferencesinlanguageincollegeteachers-undergraduates’criticism.Inthefollowings,thefindingswillbestatedrespectively.
4.1TheDifferencesbetweenMaleTeachers-MaleStudents’CriticismandMaleTeachers-FemaleStudents’Criticism
Thedifferencesbetweenmaleteachers’criticismofmalestudentsandmaleteachers’criticismoffemalestudentsinformalsituationwillbeillustratedinthefollowingtables.
Table1Thedistributionofthemannerinmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism
Asshownintable1,comparedwithdirectcriticism(74.09%ofthetotal)ofmalestudents,maleteacherstendtochooseindirectexpressions(93.64%ofthetotal)whentheyarecriticizingfemalestudents.Thatistosay,maleteachers-femalestudents’criticismisagreatdealmoreindirectthanmaleteachers-malestudents’oneis(93.64%vs.25.91%).
Whencriticizingthemalestudents,maleteachersusuallygiveademanddirectlytoexpresswhattheywantmalestudentstodo.Bycontrast,facingfemalestudents,maleteachersdisplaymuchmorepatience.Maleteacherstakeaccountoffemalestudents’feelingsandsavetheirface.Theyusuallyuseimperativesentencestoshowtheirdissatisfactionindirectly.
Thedistributionoftheamountoftalkinmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticismwillbeshownintable2:
Table2Thedistributionoftheamountoftalkinmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism
Itcanbefoundfromtable2thatmaleteacherscriticizefemalestudentsinasmallernumberofwords(74.09%vs.55%),whilewhenmalestudentsarecriticizedbymaleteachers,thelargeramountoftalkisused(45%vs.25.91%).
Theseexamplesshowthatmaleteachersaremorelikelytoemploylargernumbersofwordstocriticizemalestudentsandapplysmallernumbersofwordstocriticizefemalestudents.
Thefrequencyofthechoiceofwordsinmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticismwillbeanalyzedintheformoftable3:
Table3Thefrequencyofthechoiceofwordsinmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism
Theanalysisofthedatashowsthatasfarasthekindsofwordsmaleteacherschooseinthecriticismareconcerned,maleteachers-malestudents’criticismcontainsmoresharpwords(78.18%ofthetotal),whereasgentlewordsaccountforfarhigherproportionsofmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism(93.64%ofthetotal).Inaword,maleteachers-malestudents’criticismissevererthanmaleteachers-femalestudents’.Dirtywordscanalsobeseeninbothmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism,butthisphenomenonoccursoccasionally(thefrequencyoftheformerisalittlehigherthantheoneofthelatter:
38.18%vs.9.55%).Humorismoreoftenappliedinmaleteachers’criticismofmalestudentsthantheoneoffemalestudents(90.45%vs.61.36%).Moreover,comparedwithfemalestudents,maleteachersgivewarningsandpunishmentstomalestudentsmorefrequentlyintheircriticism(61.36%&12.73%,64.55%&32.27%).
Fromthedataanalysisabove,itcanbeconcludedthat,comparedwithmaleteachers-femalestudentscriticism,maleteachers-malestudents’criticismismorepowerful,sharperandstricterthanmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism.Itreflectsthatmaleteachershaveacloserrelationshipwithmalestudentsthanwithfemalestudentsandalsomirrorsthesocialdistancebetweenmaleteachersandfemalestudents.Thus,whenmaleteacherscriticizemalestudents,theirexpressionsaremorenaturalandbold,withoutmuchconsideration;onthecontrary,intheprocessofcriticism,maleteachersmayconsiderfemalestudents’feelings.Moreover,warningsandpunishmentstendtoappearinmaleteachers-malestudents’criticismmorefrequentlythanmaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism.
4.2TheDifferencesbetweenFemaleTeachers-MaleStudents’CriticismandFemaleTeachers-FemaleStudents’Criticism
Thedifferencesbetweenfemaleteachers’criticismofmalestudentsandfemaleteachers’criticismoffemalestudentsinformalsituationwillbeillustratedintable4,table5andtable6.
Table4Thedistributionofthemannerinfemaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandfemaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism
Table4suggeststhattherearegenderdifferencesinlanguagewhenfemaleteachersconducttheircriticismsofstudents.Facedwithfemalestudents,femaleteachersinclinetoemploymoreindirectexpressions(77.27%ofthetotal)ofcriticism,butmoredirect(58.18%ofthetotal)tomalestudents.
Thus,itcanbeseenthatfemaleteachers-malestudents’criticismiscarriedoutmoredirectlythanfemaleteachers-femalestudents’criticismis.
Thedistributionoftheamountoftalkinfemaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandfemaleteachers-femalestudents’criticismwillbeshownintable5:
Table5Thedistributionoftheamountoftalkinfemaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandfemaleteachers-femalestudents’criticism
Itiseasytodiscoverfromtable5thatincontrasttomalestudents,femalestudentsarecriticizedbyfemaleteacherswithasmallernumberofwords(55%vs.19.55%).Thedataindicatesthatfemaleteachersusuallyemployagreateramountoftalktocriticizemalestudentsthanfemalestudents.
Thefrequencyofthechoiceofwordsinfemaleteachers-malestudents’criticismandfemaleteachers-femalestudents’criticismwillbeanalyzedintheformoftable6:
Table6Thefrequencyofthechoiceofwordsinfemaleteachers-malestudents
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