GPS跟踪系统外文翻译文献.docx
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GPS跟踪系统外文翻译文献.docx
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GPS跟踪系统外文翻译文献
GPS跟踪系统外文翻译文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
Sensing Human Activity:
GPS Tracking
感应人类活动:
GPS跟踪
Stefan van der Spek 1,*, Jeroen van Schaick 1, Peter de Bois 1, 2 and Remco de Haan 1
Abstract:
The enhancement of GPS technology enables the use of GPS devices not only asnavigation and orientation tools, but also as instruments used to capture travelled routes:
assensors that measure activity on a city scale or the regional scale. TU Delft developed aprocess and database architecture for collecting data on pedestrian movement in threeEuropean city centres, Norwich, Rouen and Koblenz, and in another experiment forcollecting activity data of 13 families in Almere (The Netherlands) for one week. Thequestion posed in this paper is:
what is the value of GPS as ‘sensor technology’ measuringactivities of people?
The conclusion is that GPS offers a widely useable instrument tocollect invaluable spatial-temporal data on different scales and in different settings addingnew layers of knowledge to urban studies, but the use of GPS-technology and deploymentof GPS-devices still offers significant challenges for future research.
摘要:
增强GPS技术支持使用GPS设备不仅作为导航和定位工具,但也为仪器用来捕捉旅行路线:
作为传感器,测量活动在一个城市或区域范围内规模。
代尔夫特开发过程和涂数据库架构对行人运动收集数据在三个欧洲城市中心、诺维奇、鲁昂、科布伦茨,和在另一个实验中收集活动数据的13个家庭在Almere(荷兰)一个星期。
本文提出的问题是:
什么是GPS的价值是“传感器技术的测量活动的人吗?
结论是,GPS提供了一个广泛的可用的工具来收集宝贵的时空数据在不同尺度和不同的设置添加新层的知识城市研究,但使用GPS技术和部署的GPS设备仍为未来的研究提供了重要的挑战。
Keywords:
GPS; Tracking; People; Behaviour; Mapping; Movement.
关键字:
GPS;跟踪;人群:
行为;制图;运动
1. Introduction
1.引言
1.1. The Global Navigation Satellite System
1.1全球导航卫星系统
The availability of so-called geopositioning devices such as GPS (Global Positioning System)devices has grown enormously in the last decade and is still increasing. More and more people own anavigation system such as a TomTom, a GPS for orientation for outdoor uses, biking and geo-cachingor a mobile phone or other handheld communication device with built-in GPS. These devices aremainly used for orientation (determining where you are), navigation (determining where to go) andcommunication (exchanging information with others or accessing information services). But thedevices can also be used for tracking, i.e. saving a travelled route into a track log. This ability makesthe technology useful to collect spatial-temporal data and thus as ‘sensors’ for observing andmeasuring activities of people [1].
所谓的可用性geopositioning设备如GPS(全球定位系统)设备有了巨大的增长在过去的十年,仍在增长。
越来越多的人拥有自己的导航系统如TomTomGPS定向用于户外,骑自行车和geo缓存或手机或其他手持通信设备内置GPS。
这些设备主要用于定向(确定你在哪里),导航(确定去哪里)和沟通(与他人交换信息或访问信息服务)。
但设备还可以用于跟踪,即节约了旅行路线进入跟踪日志。
这种能力使得有用的技术来收集数据,因此时空“传感器”观察和测量活动的人[1]。
GPS is a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). GNSS is a system for location or positiondetermination – so called geopositioning [2]. Using a special receiver, a geoposition in space and timecan be calculated based on the reception of satellite signals. The United States’ Global PositioningSystem (GPS) was the first available system using satellite Position Determination Technology (PDT)[2]. Other GNSSs are under development in Europe (Galileo) and Russia (Glonass).
GPS是一种全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)。
GNSS系统对位置或位置测定——所谓的geopositioning[2]。
使用一个特殊的接收器,一个geoposition在空间和时间的基础上可以计算卫星信号的接收。
美国的全球定位系统(GPS)是第一个可用的系统使用卫星定位技术(PDT)[2]。
其他GNSSs正在发展在欧洲(伽利略)和俄罗斯(格洛纳斯)。
GNSS is an essential Positioning Determination Technology for many fields of study. Although inrecent years the system has undergone a significant ‘modernisation’ to improve its quality [2], thecapability for geopositioning in the built-up (urban) environment is still one of its major weaknesses.In particular the availability of accurate indoor signals and with low speeds is limited. The futureavailability of Galileo is expected to increase the performance of GPS significantly [3]. Newtechnology such as high-sensitive GPS receivers will improve the accessibility to GPS signals.
GNSS技术是一个重要的定位确定为许多研究领域。
虽然近年来系统进行了重要的“现代化”,以改善其质量[2],geopositioning的能力在组合(城市)环境仍然是它的一个主要弱点。
特别是室内信号的可用性和较低的准确速度是有限的。
未来的可获性伽利略预计将增加GPS的性能显著[3]。
新技术如高灵敏度GPS接收机将提高可访问性对GPS信号。
1.2. Seeing the Global Navigation Satellite System as Sensor Technology
1.2.看到全球导航卫星系统作为传感器技术
The most general definition of a sensor is ‘a device which detects or measures a physical property’(Compact Oxford English Dictionary). A more specific definition of a sensor is ‘a device that respondsto a physical stimulus (as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and transmitsa resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control)’ (Merrian Webster). Seeing GPS as asensor requires use of the latter definition. Rather than a physical property it measures the location andmotion of a GPS device and the person or object that carries it. The output is in the form of a track logwith 3-dimensional spatial location coordinates and a time stamp. In an effort to characterize differenttypes of sensors, Michahelles and Schiele [4] distinguish six sensing dimensions of which location,activity and interaction apply to GPS. Their analysis of sensor applications shows the appropriatenessof placing GPS devices on both humans and objects. The experiments in this paper are limited to GPSdevices carried by humans and the ‘location’ and ‘activity’ dimensions of sensing.
最通用的定义,一个传感器是一种检测装置,或衡量一个物理性质”(紧凑的牛津英语词典)。
一个更具体的定义的传感器是一种设备,对物理刺激(如热、光、声音、压力、磁性、或一个特定的运动)和传送一个产生的脉冲(至于测量或操作控制)”(Merrian韦伯斯特)。
看到GPS作为传感器需要使用后者的定义。
而不是一个物理性质这措施的位置和运动的GPS设备和人或物,携带它。
输出的形式是一个跟踪日志与三维空间位置坐标和一个时间戳。
为了描述不同类型的传感器,Michahelles和Schiele[4]区分六传感维度的位置、活动和交互应用于GPS。
分析传感器应用程序显示的适当性,将GPS设备在人和对象。
实验在本文仅限于GPS设备由人类和“位置”和“活动”维度的感知。
GPS is not the only technology for sensing location and activity of humans. For a few years already,mobile phone technology, RFID and Bluetooth can also provide easy-to-handle sensing data onlocation and activity. However, these technologies have their particular drawbacks with regards to thetype of experiments described below. For more on those technologies see Shoval’s ideas about ‘human
sensing’ [5] and tracking pedestrians [1,6] and experiments such as those by Ratti et al [7] and Ahas etal. [8] using mobile phone data, Millonig and Gartner [9] using Bluetooth, Fu and Retscher [10] usingRFID and Wayn et al. [11] using WiFi.
GPS不是唯一的技术用于传感位置和活动的人类。
了几年了,移动电话技术,RFID和蓝牙也可以提供容易处理遥感数据在位置和活动。
然而,这些技术有其特定的缺点关于下面描述的类型的实验。
更多关于这些技术的思想关于“舒瓦尔看到人类传感”[5]和跟踪行人[1,6]和实验如:
拉etal[7]和Ahasetal。
[8]使用移动电话数据,Millonig和Gartner[9]使用蓝牙,Fu和Retscher[10]使用RFID和Waynetal。
[11]使用WiFi。
1.3. A Concise Overview of Literature
1.3一个简洁的概述文学
With the increasing use of GPS and other tracking technologies, the number of scientificpublications on these technologies and their application is also increasing. The aim of this paper is toadd a new dimension to the evaluation of tracking studies, namely to evaluate the sensory qualities thatGPS technology offers for researching measures of urban quality, where most research focuses onother fields of expertise.
越来越多地使用GPS和其他跟踪技术,科学出版物的数量在这些技术和他们的应用程序也在不断增加。
本论文的目的是增加一个新的维度评价跟踪研究,即评价的感官品质,GPS技术提供了研究城市质量的措施,大部分的研究主要集中在其他领域的专业知识。
Transportation science is a major field of research in which tracking studies have developed and onwhich tracking research builds [12]. Janelle and Gillespie [13] see ‘trackability’ as one of four majorconcepts in transportation sciences to understand the impact of new technologies in research,commercial practices, policy and broader society. Transportation planning is also the field where therekindling of Hägerstrand’s theory on time-geography [14] is best illustrated [15]. Recent examples oftracking studies in transportation sciences can be found in [16] and [17]. Studies in this field show apreference for using tracking data as input for simulation and prediction models.
交通科学是一个主要领域的研究,跟踪研究开发,跟踪研究构建[12]。
詹妮尔和Gillespie[13]看到的跟踪能力”四个主要概念之一在交通科学理解影响新技术的研究、商业实践、政策和更广泛的社会。
交通规划也是复燃的Hagerstrand领域的理论在时间地理学[14][15]是最好的说明。
最近的例子的跟踪研究在交通科学可以被发现在[16]和[17]。
在这个领域的研究偏爱使用跟踪数据作为输入的模拟和预测模型。
Studies focussing on location based services (LBS), a relatively new field of study, form the majorpart of GPS technology-oriented research. In their opening article to the new Journal of LocationBased Services, Raper et al. [2] set out to critically evaluate location based services and their potential.They conclude “that there is already a huge and sophisticated body of research on LBS. However, it ispoorly integrated”. They define the following key issues for future research work:
研究集中在基于位置的服务(LBS),一个相对较新的研究领域,形成了科技研究的主要部分GPS。
在他们打开文章的新杂志的基于位置的服务,强奸犯etal。
[2]着手批判性评价基于位置的服务和他们的潜力。
他们的结论”,已经有一个巨大的和复杂的研究机构在磅。
然而,它是不完整”。
他们定义下列关键问题为未来的研究工作:
Envisage and embody ‘blue sky’ innovations;
想像和体现“蓝天”的创新;
Explore user experiences and social implications outside commercial implementation;
探索用户体验和社会影响外商业实施;
Tackle technical problems that lead to system developments without an early return.
解决技术问题,导致系统的发展没有提前返回。
In general, studies related to LBS strongly attach to the importance of data visualisation (see [18]),but geovisualisation in general is an upcoming area of interest. See for example [19]. Tracking(recording route and time) as a research technique did not arise from the advent of GPS and mobilecommunication technology. Hill provides an overview of early non-technological tracking studies thatfocused on pedestrians, of which he found the earliest examples in the 1960s [20]. Studies onpedestrians in particular demonstrate that GPS tracking needs to be connected to other researchtechniques to fully understand movement behaviour. Millonig and Gartner, for example, use across-method triangulation, including shadowing, interviewing and counting [9]. Shoval and Isaacson usetracking technologies for urban analysis [1]. Other fields of application are environmental health[21,22] and medicine [23-25].
一般来说,研究相关磅强烈附加到数据可视化的重要性(见[18]),但geovisualisation一般来说是一个即将到来的感兴趣的区域。
看到例如[19]。
跟踪(记录路线和时间)作为研究方法既不是来自GPS的出现和移动通信技术。
希尔概述的早期研究,侧重于非技术跟踪行人,他发现最早的例子在1960年代[20]。
研究行人尤其是证明GPS跟踪需要被连接到其他研究方法,充分了解运动行为。
Millonig和Ga
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