SFAS中第144号关于资产减值实施效果的实证分析.docx
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SFAS中第144号关于资产减值实施效果的实证分析.docx
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SFAS中第144号关于资产减值实施效果的实证分析
ImplementingtheimpairmentofassetsrequirementsofSFASNo.144Anempiricalanalysis(AlanReinstein,SchoolofBusinessAdministration,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan,USA,andGeraldH.Lander,CollegeofBusiness,UniversityofSouthFlorida,StPetersburg,Florida,USAIn2001,theFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardissuedStatementofFinancialAccountingStandards(SFASNo.144,AccountingfortheImpairmentorDisposalofLong-livedAssets(FASB,2001.SupersedingtheprovisionsofSFASNo.121,AccountingforLongLivedAssetsandforLongLivedAssetstobedisposedof,SFASNo.144affectsthemeasurementofalllong-livedassetsheldforuseorfuturedisposal,includinglessees'capitalleases,lessors'assetssubjecttooperatingleases,long-termprepaidassetsandamortizableintangibles.Itsprovisionsalsoaffectsuchotherassetsandliabilitiesasaccountsreceivableandinventory.SFASNo.144definesanassetgroupasthelowestlevelwhoseidentifiablecashflowsarelargelyindependentofthecashflowsofothergroupsofassetsandliabilities,e.g.aspecificproductionprocess.Similarly,adisposalgrouprepresentsasetoflong-livedassetsexpectedtobedisposedofbysaleorotherwise,focusingonassetsandliabilitiesformingpartofasingletransaction.SFASNo.144doesnotapplytogoodwill,indefinitelifeintangibleassets,financialinstruments(includinginvestmentsinequitysecuritiesaccountedforunderthecostorequitymethod,deferredpolicyacquisitioncostsordeferredtaxassets.However,whilethescopeofSFAS144excludestheimpairmentofgoodwillorotherintangibleassets,SFASNo.142,GoodwillandOtherIntangibleAssets,issuedin2001,addressestheimpairmentofgoodwillandnon-amortizedintangibleassets.SFASNo.144classifieslong-livedassetsintothreedistinctivecategories:
(1Heldandused.(2Disposedofotherthanbysale.(3Disposedofbysale.Long-livedassetstobeheldandusedImpairedlong-livedassetsoftenproducemajorlossestoholdersofsuchassets.Along-livedassetbecomesimpairedwhenanindividuallong-livedasset's(orassetgroup'scarryingamountexceedsitsfairvalue.Suchholdersshouldrecognizeandmeasureimpairmentlossestodeterminepotentiallyimpairedlong-livedby:
consideringwhetherimpairmentindicators(discussedlaterarise;testinglong-livedassetsforrecoverabilitywhencertainimpairmentindicatorsarise;andrecognizinganassetimpairmentlossonlyafterassessingifthecarryingamountofalong-livedassetisnotrecoverableandexceedsitsfairvalue.RecognitionandmeasurementUnderSFASNo.144,anasset'scarryingamountisnotconsideredrecoverableifitscarryingamountexceedsthesumoftheundiscountedcashflowsexpectedtoresultfromtheasset'suseandultimatedisposal,regardlessiftheassetisinactualuseordevelopment.Impairmentlossequalstheexcessoftheasset'scarryingamountoveritsfairvalue.
(AlanReinstein,SchoolofBusinessAdministration,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan,USA,andGeraldH.Lander,CollegeofBusiness,UniversityofSouthFlorida,StPetersburg,Florida,USAIn2001,theFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardissuedStatementofFinancialAccountingStandards(SFASNo.144,AccountingfortheImpairmentorDisposalofLong-livedAssets(FASB,2001.SupersedingtheprovisionsofSFASNo.121,AccountingforLongLivedAssetsandforLongLivedAssetstobedisposedof,SFASNo.144affectsthemeasurementofalllong-livedassetsheldforuseorfuturedisposal,includinglessees'capitalleases,lessors'assetssubjecttooperatingleases,long-termprepaidassetsandamortizableintangibles.Itsprovisionsalsoaffectsuchotherassetsandliabilitiesasaccountsreceivableandinventory.SFASNo.144definesanassetgroupasthelowestlevelwhoseidentifiablecashflowsarelargelyindependentofthecashflowsofothergroupsofassetsandliabilities,e.g.aspecificproductionprocess.Similarly,adisposalgrouprepresentsasetoflong-livedassetsexpectedtobedisposedofbysaleor
otherwise,focusingonassetsandliabilitiesformingpartofasingletransaction.SFASNo.144doesnotapplytogoodwill,indefinitelifeintangibleassets,financialinstruments(includinginvestmentsinequitysecuritiesaccountedforunderthecostorequitymethod,deferredpolicyacquisitioncostsordeferredtaxassets.However,whilethescopeofSFAS144excludestheimpairmentofgoodwillorotherintangibleassets,SFASNo.142,GoodwillandOtherIntangibleAssets,issuedin2001,addressestheimpairmentofgoodwillandnon-amortizedintangibleassets.SFASNo.144classifieslong-livedassetsintothreedistinctivecategories:
(1Heldandused.(2Disposedofotherthanbysale.(3Disposedofbysale.Long-livedassetstobeheldandusedImpairedlong-livedassetsoftenproducemajorlossestoholdersofsuchassets.Along-livedassetbecomesimpairedwhenanindividuallong-livedasset's(orassetgroup'scarryingamountexceedsitsfairvalue.Suchholdersshouldrecognizeandmeasureimpairmentlossestodeterminepotentiallyimpairedlong-livedby:
consideringwhetherimpairmentindicators(discussedlaterarise;testinglong-livedassetsforrecoverabilitywhencertainimpairmentindicatorsarise;andrecognizinganassetimpairmentlossonlyafterassessingifthecarryingamountofalong-livedassetisnotrecoverableandexceedsitsfairvalue.RecognitionandmeasurementUnderSFASNo.144,anasset'scarryingamountisnotconsideredrecoverableifitscarryingamountexceedsthesumoftheundiscountedcashflowsexpectedtoresultfromtheasset'suseandultimatedisposal,regardlessiftheassetisinactualuseordevelopment.Impairmentlossequalstheexcessoftheasset'scarryingamountoveritsfairvalue.
Impairmentindicators-whentotestFirmsshouldtestlong-livedassetsforrecoverabilitywheneventsindicatethatcarryingamountsmaynotberecoverable,suchassignificant:
decreasesinthemarketpriceofalong-livedasset(assetgroup;changesintheextentormannerthatassetsareused;physicalchangestotheasset;adversechangesinlegalfactorsorbusinessclimatethatcouldaffecttheassets'valuesoraregulator'sadverseactionsorassessments;costaccumulationsexceedingtheamountoriginallyexpectedtoacquireorconstructtheassets;currentperiodoperatingorcashflowlossescombinedwithahistoryofoperatingorcashflowlossesoraprojectionorforecastthatdemonstratescontinuinglossesassociatedwithanasset;andTheseprovisionsanticipatethatthefirmwillmorelikelythannot(i.e.greaterthan50percentprobabilitydisposeofthisassetbeforetheendofitspreviouslyestimatedremainingusefullife.GroupingassetsFirmsshouldgrouplong-livedassetstestedforimpairmentwithotherassetsandliabilitiesforwhichthelowestlevelofidentifiablecashflowsarelargelyindependentofotherassetsandliabilities'cashflows.Assetgroupsincludinganentirereportingunitshouldincludegoodwillintheassetgrouptestedforimpairment.However,firmsshouldexcludegoodwillfromsuchanassetgroupifitisonlypartofareportingunit.Firmstestingimpairmentonalong-livedassetwithinanassetgroupshouldadjustthecarryingamountofotherassetswithinthegroupthatarenotsubjecttoSFASNo.144'srequirements(e.g.provideanallowancefordoubtfulaccountsandadjustinventorytoitsnetrealizablevalue.CashflowestimatesSFASNo.121considersonlyexpectedfuturecashinflowslessassociated(i.e.directlyrelatedcashoutflows(excludinginterestchargesexpectedtooccurfromusinganddisposingoftheasset(group.SFASNo.144providesadditionalguidancetoimplementtheabovebasicrequirement,focusingon:
theestimationapproach;theestimationperiod;andTypesofasset-relatedexpenditurestoconsider.TheestimationapproachFirmsshouldusereasonableassumptionstoestimatetheirownuseofassets,consistentwithotherinformationforsimilarperiods.Butfirmscontemplatingalternativeplansorestimatedrangesofpossibleoutcomes
shouldconsiderthelikelihoodofthosepossibleoutcomes.TheestimationperiodFirmsshoulduseappropriateestimationperiodstodeterminetheirassets'estimatedfuturecashflowsandremainingestimatedusefullivesovertheperiodthattheyexpecttoreceiveservicepotential(i.e.theremainingusefullifetotheentityfromthelong-livedasset(s.Forlong-livedassetsthatarepartofanassetgroup,thecashflowestimationperiodistheremainingusefullifeoftheprimaryassetofthegroup.Indefinite-livedassets,suchaslandandintangibleassetsnotbeingamortizedareineligibletobetheprimaryassetsofthegroup.Example.XYZCompanytestsitslong-livedassetgroupforrecoverabilitypurposes.Itfirstdecidesthatmachineryisaproductiongroup'sprimaryasset,sincethishigh-techhydraulicequipmentcriticallybuildsthegroup'scapacitytogeneratecashflows,althoughitscarryingvalueisnotthelargestinthegroup.Themachineryalsomeetsotherteststhatidentifyitastheprimaryasset,especiallyconsideringthatwithoutthemachinery,productionwouldceaseandXYZcouldnotproduceotherassets.Themachineryhasaneight-yearusefullife,whileotherassetsinthegrouphaveusefullivesofsixyears,11yearsand12years.XYZthenascertainsthatforpurposesoftestingrecoverability,futurecashflowsoftheassetgroupshouldbeprojectedoverthelifeofthiscriticalmachinery:
eightyears.AllocatingimpairmentlossSFASNo.144indicatesthatanyimpairmentlosstoalong-livedassetoranassetgroupreducesonlythecarryingamountsofthatassetorgroup.Thelosswillbeallocatedtothelong-l
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- SFAS 144 关于 资产 减值 实施 效果 实证 分析