英国文选史Chapters 1 Overview and 2 Middle Ages.docx
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英国文选史Chapters 1 Overview and 2 Middle Ages.docx
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英国文选史Chapters1Overviewand2MiddleAges
IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanLiteraryHistory
PartIBritishLiteraryHistory
0.Introduction:
AnOverviewofBritishLiteraryHistory
0.1TheEnglish
TheearlyinhabitantsofwhatisnowcalledBritainwereBritons,atribeofCelts,whoselanguageisCeltic.
→→→TheRomanConquest:
In55B.C.,BritainwasinvadedbyJuliusCæsar,theRomanconqueror.ThenativeBritonsweretroddenasslaves.TheRomanoccupationlastedforabout400yearsuntiltheRomantroopswentbacktotheContinentin410A.D.andneverreturned.DuringtheRomanConquest,ChristianitywasintroducedtoBritain.
→→→TheEnglishConquest:
IntheMid-5thcentury,BritainwasinvadedbythreeTeutonictribesofpiratesfromtheNorthEurope:
Angles,SaxonsandJutes.GraduallysevenkingdomsaroseinBritain.Bythe7thcentury,thesekingdomswerecombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland,orthelandofAngles.ThethreetribeshadmixedintoonepeoplecalledtheEnglish.ThethreedialectsspokenbythemgrewintoonesinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,whichislaterdefinedasOldEnglishbyphilologists.TheAnglo-Saxonswereheathenpeople,whobelievedinoldmythologyofNorthernEurope(Northerngods).TheywereChristianizedinthe7thcentury.→→→TheNormanConquest(1066,Frenchinfluences)(seeLiuBingshanp.6)→→→
0.2PeriodsoftheBritish(English)literaryhistory
LiteratureofOldEnglish(Anglo-Saxon),LiteratureoftheMiddlesAges(ca5thcentury—1485)→→TheRenaissance(late15thcentury—early17thcentury)→→17th–centuryliterature(TheEnglishBourgeoisRevolutionandtheRestoration)→→TheEnlightenmentandNeo-Classicism(late17thcentury—mid-18thcentury)→→Romanticism(1798-1832)→(Critical)Realism(1830s-1918)→→Modernism(1918-1945)→→post-modernism/contemporaryliterature(1945—present)
Chapter1OldEnglishPeriod
1.1OldEnglishPoetry
*Epic(史诗)----apoemthatcelebratesintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofoneormorepersonagesofhistoryortradition.AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,Odyssey,andAeneid,Beowulf;theChansondeRoland;thePoemadelCid;Milton’sParadiseLost.
Beowulf----thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople(OldEnglishorAnglo-Saxonperiod),alongpoemof3183lineswritteninalliterationinthe8thcentury,reflectingthe7thand8thcenturyEnglishlife,atransitionalperiodfromheathenGermanicculturetoaChristianculture,withbothtribalheroismandfeudalideal.TheepicdescribestheheroicdeedsofaScandinavianhero,Beowulf,infightingagainstthemonsterGrendel,hisrevengefulmother,andafiredragon.Thepoemconveysahopethattherighteouswilltriumphovertheevil.
BeowulfisanOldEnglishheroicepicpoem(ofabasicallypaganstorywithanevidentChristianoverlay)ofanonymousauthorship,datingasrecordedintheNowellCodexmanuscriptfrombetweenthe8thtothe11thcentury,andrelateseventsdescribedashavingoccurredinwhatisnowDenmarkandSweden.
Inthepoem,Beowulf,aherooftheGeats,battlesthreeantagonists:
Grendel,whohasbeenattackingthemeadhall(InancientScandinaviaameadhallorfeastinghallwasinitiallysimplyalargebuildingwithasingleroom.Fromthefifthcenturytoearlymedievaltimessuchabuildingwastheresidenceofalordandhisretainers.)inDenmarkcalledHeorotanditsinhabitants;Grendel'smother;and,laterinlifeafterreturningtoGeatland(modernsouthernSweden)andbecomingaking,hefightsanunnameddragon.Beowulfisfatallywoundedinthefinalbattle,andafterhisdeathheisburiedinabarrowinGeatlandbyhisretainers.
ThemostcommonEnglishpronunciationof"Beowulf"isIPA/ˈbeɪəwʊlf/,butthe"ēo"inBēowulfwasadiphthong,andamoreauthenticpronunciationwouldbewithtwosyllablesandthestressonthefirst(IPA:
[ˈbeːo̯wʊɫf]).
(Forthestory,seeLiuBingshan,p.4)
NB.2007年,华纳兄弟根据这个故事制作出电影《贝武夫:
北海的诅咒》(Beowulf)
ArtisticfeaturesofBeowulf:
(1)ThemostsalientfeatureofBeowulfisalliteration(fordefinition,seebelow).
(2)AnotherpeculiarfeatureofBeowulfisthefrequentuseofkennings(fordefinition,seebelow)topoeticallypresentthemeaningsofonesinglewordthroughacompoundsimile/metaphoroftwoelements.
(3)Theuseofunderstatements.“nottroublesome”=verywelcome;“neednotpraise=condemn
*Alliteration(头韵):
Thecommencementoftwoormorewordsincloseconnectionwiththesamesoundinasentence,especiallyinpoetry.Eg.1.Heisasbusyasabee.2.Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,/Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.(quotedfromBeowulfinmoderntranslation)
*Kenning(隐喻语):
InoldEnglish,akenning(compoundword,i.e.wordpicture)isakindofmetaphorchieflydesignedtoappealtopeoplethinkinginimagesandpicturesandfacilitateaprocessofattainingknowledgebyguesswork.Forexample,inBeowulf,thesuniscalled“theworld’sgreatcandle”;theseaisoften“swan’sway”or“whale-path”or“whales’roador“pathwayofsails’;asoldierisoftena“shield-holder”or“battlehero”or“swordhero”or“spearfighter”;swordisoftensubstitutedby“brain-biter”or“lifedestroyer”;andharpisreferredtoas“wood-of-delight”.
1.2OldEnglishProse
1.2.1TheVenerableBede(ca.673-735),ahighlyliteratechurchmanwroteHistoriaEcclesiasticaGentisAnglorum(731)inLatin.ItwaslatertranslatedintoEnglish(EcclesiaticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople).ItremainsanimportantsourceofknowledgeabouttheAnglo-Saxonperiod.
1.2.2KingAlfredtheGreat
TheAnglo-SaxonChronicle(ca.871-1154)wascompiledunderhisguidance.ItisalaconicrecordofcontemporaynationaleventsandthusanimportantsourceforAlfred’sandsubsequentreigns.
Chapter2TheMedievalPeriod(1066—1485)
2.1*RomancewasthemostprevailinggenreofliteratureinFeudal(middleages)England.Itsingsknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds.Chivalry(suchasbravery,honor,generosity,loyaltyandkindnesstotheweakandpoor)isthespirit/themeofromance.
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight----oneoftheArthurianRomances----legendsofKingArthurandhisKnightsofRoundTable.(Forthestory,seeWuWeiren,p.20.)
AKnightridingahorse
AKnightridingahorse
SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisalate14th-centuryMiddleEnglishalliterativeromanceoutlininganadventureofSirGawain,aknightofKingArthur'sRoundTable.ThestoryofGawain'sstruggletomeettheappointmentandhisadventuresalongthewaydemonstratethespiritofchivalryandloyalty.
SirGawainandTheGreenKnight(fromoriginalmanuscript,artistunknown)
Synopsis
ThestorybeginsinCamelotonNewYear'sDayasKingArthur'scourtisfeastingandexchanginggifts.AlargeGreenKnightarmedwithanaxeentersthehallandproposesagame.Heasksforsomeoneinthecourttostrikehimoncewithhisaxe,onconditionthattheGreenKnightwillreturntheblowoneyearandonedaylater.SirGawain,theyoungestofArthur'sknightsandnephewtotheking,acceptsthechallenge.Heseversthegiant'sheadinonestroke,expectinghimtodie.TheGreenKnight,however,picksuphisownhead,remindsGawaintomeethimattheGreenChapelinayearandaday(NewYear'sDaythenextyear)andridesaway.
AsthedateapproachesSirGawainsetsofftofindtheGreenChapelandcompletehisbargainwiththeGreenKnight.HislongjourneyleadshimtoabeautifulcastlewherehemeetsBertilakdeHautdesert,thelordofthecastle,andhisbeautifulwife;botharepleasedtohavesucharenownedguest.GawaintellsthemofhisNewYear'sappointmentattheGreenChapelandsaysthathemustcontinuehissearchasheonlyhasafewdaysremaining.BertilaklaughsandexplainsthattheGreenChapelislessthantwomilesawayandproposesthatGawainstayatthecastle.
Beforegoinghuntingthenextday,BertilakproposesabargaintoGawain:
hewillgiveGawainwhateverhecatches,onconditionthatGawaingivehimwhateverhemightgainduringtheday.Gawainaccepts.AfterBertilakleaves,theladyofthecastle,LadyBertilak,visitsGawain'sbedroomtoseducehim.Despiteherbestefforts,however,heyieldsnothingbutasinglekiss.WhenBertilakreturnsandgivesGawainthedeerhehaskilled,hisguestrespondsbyreturningthelady'skisstoBertilak,withoutdivulgingitssource.Thenextday,theladycomesagain,Gawaindodgesheradvances,andthereisasimilarexchangeofahuntedboarfortwokisses.Shecomesoncemoreonthethirdmorning,andGawainacceptsfromheragreensilkgirdle,whichtheladypromiseswillkeephimfromallphysicalharm.Theyexchangethreekisses.Thatevening,Bertilakreturnswithafox,whichheexchangeswithGawainforthethreekisses.Gawainkeepsthegirdle,however.
Thenextday,GawainleavesfortheGreenChapelwiththegirdle.HefindstheGreenKnightatthechapelsharpeninganaxe,and,asarranged,bendsovertoreceivehisblow.TheGreenKnightswingstobeheadGawain,butholdsbacktwice,onlystrikingsoftlyonthethirdswing,causingasmallscaronhisneck.TheGreenKnightthenrevealshimselftobethelordofthecastle,BertilakdeHautdesert,andexplainsthattheentiregamewasarrangedbyMorganleFay,Arthur'senemy.Gawainisatfirstashamedandupset,butthetwomenpartoncordialtermsandGawainreturnstoCamelot,wearingthegirdleinshameasatokenofhisfailuretokeephispromisewithBertilak.Arthurdecreesthatallhisknightsshouldhenceforthwearagreensash(肩带、绶带)inrecognitionofGawain'sadventure.
2.2Poem
PiersPlowmanbyWilliamLangland----apoemthatgivesapictureofthelifeoffeudalEngland.
PiersPlowman(writtenca.1360–1399)orVisioWillelmide
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