英语词汇学串讲2.docx
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英语词汇学串讲2.docx
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英语词汇学串讲2
第五章:
WordMeaning
Themeaningsof‘Meaning’指的是哪三个层次的内容?
意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:
Whatarethemeaningsof‘Meaning’?
1)Reference(有reference的词必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)
2)Concept(能够形成Concept的词必然有reference)
3)Sense(有sense的词未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)
(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它们都是具有sense的词,但是未必具有reference,也未必具有concept,例如:
if,but,probably:
它们有sense,但没有concept)
Whatistherelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidethelanguage?
(等同于:
Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform)
答:
Arbitraryandconventional
名词解释:
reference
名词Concept:
1.Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.
Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.
2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.
3.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.
4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.
重点:
sense的名词解释:
Sense:
1.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’
2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.
*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)
重点:
Whatarethetypeofmotivation?
1)Onomatopoeicmotivation
2)MorphologicalMotivation
3)SemanticMotivation
4)EtymologicalMotivation
填空:
1.someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)
2.Compoundsaretotallydifferentinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthiscompound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)
3.peninoldEnglish,referstothefeather,butwiththedevelopmentoftechnology,fountainwasinvented,butthenameofthismaterialwaskeptuptothisday,peoplestillusedthepentorefertowrittingtool,thismotivationiscalled(etymologicalmotivation)
4.Conceptualmeaningalsoknowas(denotativemeaning)
4.laconicanswer(简短回答),
laconic的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymologicalmotivation)
问题:
pingpongball,cuckoo是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?
答案:
OnomatopoeicMotivation
问题:
atthefootofmountain,themouthofriver,此时采用了哪一种理据构成?
答案:
Semanticmovtivation
论述题:
1.Whatarethetypesofmotivation?
2.Whatarethetypesofmeaning?
按大的分支来分分为:
(1)grammaticalmeaning
(2)Lexicalmeaning
分析题:
*’Thedogischasingacat’,analyzethesentencebasedongrammaticalmeaning.
Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:
conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.
(语法意义上分析没考过,但从词汇意义上分析考过)
语法意义指一个词的词性,句中充当的成份,句子的时态,单复数形式等.
1)’Dog,cat’arenouns,and’chase’istransitiveverb.
2)Thesentenceisusedinpresentcontinuoustense.
3)’Thedog,acat’aresingularform.
问题:
Thepenismightierthansword?
请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?
Both’penandsword’arenouns.
’mightier’isanadjective,and’than’ispreposition.
Thesentenceisinsimplepresenttense.
这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?
’Mightierthan’iscomparativedegree.
’penandsword’areinsingularform.
’Thepen’issubject,and’sword’functionsasanobjecttopreposition’than’.
’mightier’ispredictive.
重点名词解释:
Conceptualmeaning:
1)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.
2)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommuniationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaingtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.
*Associativemeaning:
(一定要把它的四种分支答上)
1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.
2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.
3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.
4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:
connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.
问题:
Connotativemeaningisnotthesametoeverybody,everysituationandeverytime,analyzethestatement?
答案:
e.g.Achildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometohisisnothingbut’ahell’,henceunfavourableconnotatitions,
问题:
某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词?
答案:
e.g.Aphraselike’sonofa娃哈哈’whichnormallyhasanassociativemeaningofcrudevulgaritymayconveytheconnotationof’friendliness’and’intimacy’usedbetweentwoclosefriendswhentheymeetaftersomeprolongedperiodoftime.
问题:
Stylisticmeaning根据字典上的划分有几种划分?
根据TheFiveClocks划分,有几种划分?
答案:
Insomedictionaries,stylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas’formal’,’informal’,’literary’,’archaic’,slang’.
MartinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreesofformality:
’frozen’,’formal’,’consultative’,’casual’and’intimate’.
问题:
在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?
答案:
1)formal2)neutral3)informal
注意:
要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.
在情感意义affectivemeaning,考试往往要落脚在affectivemeaning的两个分类:
(年年affectivemeaning例子都考)
(1)appreciativemeaning
(2)pejorativemeaning
Collocativemeaning中的例子要记好:
pretty,handsome
Green搭配的例子记好:
greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster.
复习:
问题:
Blackmail从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?
答案:
Complex
Morphologicalmotivation
问题:
有reference的词必然具有senseandconcept(正确)
有sense的词一定具有reference.(错误)
Thewordwhichhavemeaningdoesnothavenecessarilyreference.
问题:
’Forget,forgot,forgetting,forgotten,forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?
答案:
Grammaticalmeaning
问题:
‘frozen,‘formal’,‘consultative’,‘casual’and‘intimate’这五个词是总结了什么的划分,是根据什么的划分?
答案:
stylisticmeaning,是根据TheFiveClockswrittenbyMartinJoos.
问题:
Butindailylife,wealwaysreferto(formal),(neutral),(informal).
问题:
’Prettyboy,prettywoman,prettygarden,prettygarden,prettycar’,请解释这些词的意义一样不一样?
如果不一样请加以理论分析?
答案:
Collocativemeaning,whenprettyisusedtomodifydifferentnounsbothanimateandinanimate,theircollocativemeaningaretotallydifferent.
问题:
Tabletenniscanbereplacedbypingpongballandthenameofthebirdisalsocalledcuckoo,whichcanalsobereusedtorefertothesoundofthebird,sotheirtwowordsare(onomatopoeically)motivated.
问题:
’Unexpected,expectation,expecting’,thesethreewordsare(morphologically)motivated.
问题:
’Hopeless,jobless,dislike’,这三个词是靠什么motivated.(morphologicallymotivated)
问题:
’Eastorwest,homeisbest’and’thereisnoplacelikehome’.这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的?
答案:
Connotativemeaning
第六章:
SenseRelationsandSemanticField
polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyandhyponymy.(五种关系的名词解释要记住)
TwoApproachestoPolysemy:
1)Diachronicapproach
2)Sychronicapproach
TwoProcessesofDevelopment
1)radiation
(1)radiationisasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.
(2)themeaningareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.
e.g.face,neck
2)concatenation
(1)meaning‘linkingtogether’,isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil,inmaycases,thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.
(2)Inplaintermsthemeaningreachedbythefirstshiftmaybeshiftedasecondtime,andsoonuntilintheendtheoriginalmeaningistotallylost.
e.g.treacle
注意:
这两种模式的名词解释照样要记(这两种模式只在填空,选择,出过题,还没有以名词解释形式考过)
问题:
Inthelinguisticstudy,whatarethesenserelationsandwhatarethetypesofsenserelations?
答案:
Awordwhichisrelatedtotheotherwordsisrelatedtotheminsense,soitiscalledsensesemanticrelations.
typesofsenserelations:
polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyandhyponymy.(五种关系的名词解释要记住)
问题:
Fruit与applesbananas,pineapples,lychees是什么语义关系?
答案:
Hyponymy?
问题:
Fruit这一类里包含apples,bananas,pineapples,grapes它们形成了一种什么样的理论?
答案:
Semanticfield
问题:
有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象,那就是反义词的不共容的现象,那么这种不能够相互溶合,这样的词在反义词当中被称作什么词。
比如说:
dead,alive,它们之间的反义关系是什么样的一种关系?
答案:
Contradictoryterms
它们之间形成的语义关系被称作antonymy
问题:
Contradictoryterms有一个最大的特点是什么?
答案:
Mutuallyexclusiveandarenon-gradable,Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylikeverytoqualifythem.
问题:
反义词存在不存在一种包容现象?
答案:
表明twopoles,twoextremes,的反义词,它们之间存在一种包容现象,这种包容现象被称作(Middleground)
e.g.huge/tiny(它们之间存在着big,small,quitebig,quitesmall)
e.g.young/old
这类反义词被称为(Contraryterms)
问题:
fast这个词,它表示紧的概念时,它和loose是一组反义词,表示快的概念时,它和slow是一组反义词,这样的一种语义关系算什么样的语义关系?
答案:
polysemy
问题:
分析deer,dear这两个词是什么样的词?
答案:
Homophone
重点:
homonyms有哪三个类别的划分?
1)perfecthomonyms
e.g.bank,bear
2)homographs
e.g.bow,sow
3)homophones
e.gdear,deer
right,write,rite
重点:
OriginsofHomonyms
1)Changeinsoundandspelling
2)Borrowing
3)Shortening
问题:
shortening可以表现在哪些分支结构构成上?
1)Acronymy2)Homonymy3)Narrowing4)Idioms
重点问题:
Homonymy和Polysemy的区别?
(未考过)
6.2.4RhetoricFeaturesofHomonyms
e.g.Longtimenosea.(puns)
humor,sarcasmorridicule
重点:
名词解释Synonyms
TypesofSynonyms:
1)Absolutesynonyms
2)Relativesynonyms
重要简答题:
SourcesofSynon
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