张晓 18110617 英美文学期中论文.docx
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张晓 18110617 英美文学期中论文.docx
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张晓18110617英美文学期中论文
TheBookReviewofWutheringHeights
Recently,wehavelearnedthetextWutheringHeights,Ireadthebookandwatchedthefilm.Iamdeeplymovedbythenovels.Inordertostudytheworks,thefirststepistoknowtheauthor.SincetheauthorofWutheringHeightsisEmilyBronte,let'spayattentiontoherlifefirst.Asweknown,thelifeofEmilyisfullofmisfortunes,andallthemisfortunesshapeherwritings,supplythebackgroundofhernovel.Emilystandsbeyondthetrendofthe19centuryfictions.Shegivesadeepinsightintohuman'sinternalnatureandfindsoutthattheinternalnatureofthehumanisnotonlynobleanddignifiedbutalsodarkandviolent,andthedarknessandviolencearethreatening.Thus,EmilyBronteholdstheopinionthatmanisaplaythingoffate,thevictimofenvironments.So,itiseasytounderstandthatwithoutconsciousness,EmilyBrontecreatessuchauniqueworkswithsuchamodernistictheme.Emily'sgreatnessalsoliesinhermasteryofexpressingthemostdifficultpsychologicalactivities.Asallofusknow,itisahardworktointerpretthemostdifficultpsychologicalactivities,butEmilyBrontemastersit.ThereaderscannotonlyfindthehiddenmotivationsofthecharactersbutalsocomprehendthetruefeelingsinEmily'smindbyanalyzingpsychologicallythecharacteristicsofthemajorcharacters.
Heathcliffistheheroofthenovel.Thisthesisintendstorevealhowthewomanauthor'spersonalitiesgivetheherosomuchinfluencebyanalyzingthecharactersofHeathcliff.Heathcliffisapersonwhosecharactersareveryabnormal:
hisrevengementalityisextremelytwisted,andhewasknownasthecruelestandthemostheinousfigureintheliteraryhistory,buttheauthorgavehimlotsofadmirationwhichcanbeseenfromhisname.Theword“Heathcliff’ismadeupbytwowords--“heath”and“cliff’,Emilylovesnotonlytheheath,whichmeansthemagnificentwildplainfulloflotsofbriarbutalsothecliff,whichmeansthehigh,abrupt,dramaticprecipice.Infact,EmilyandHeathcliffhavemanysimilaritiesintheircharacters.
InWutheringHeights,Heathcliffisapersonwhoisextremelyfondoffreedom.Whenhewasalittleboy,hewaslookeddownuponbyothersanddidn'thavehisownspace;hefelthewasrepressedandwasrestraintfromtheoutsideworldbecauseofthepoorlivingconditionsaroundhim.Afterhis“father”,whoreallylovedhim,died,heevenwasnotallowedtohavehisownideasandfeelings.Withthiskindoflivingenvironment,youngHeathcliffalwaysfeltdepressed.ItishisstronglovetoCatherinethatmadehimendurethemistreatment.ButthespiritwhichmentallysupportshimhasbeencutoffafterCatherine'sbetrayalofhislove.Thenwithouthesitationandaccurateconsideration,heescapesandforceshimselftomixintotheworldinordertomeethisdeepyearningforthefreedom.Whenapersonissensitiveandawareofhissocialstatus,levelofeducationandsooninintercoursecircleatadistinctdisadvantage,heoftenusesextremeself-esteemtoconcealhisinferiorityandprotecthimself.EmilyBronte'snovelisjustareflectionofherreallife.
TheBronteslivedinaremoteandisolatedplace.Itisnotonlythegloomyandsolemnlivingenvironmentbutalsohernaturalsolitarythatformherisolatedwayoflife.Whenshewasonlythreeyearsold,EmilyBronteloosedherbelovedmotherandshegrewupinhisfather'sstrictnessandindifference.Withoutlovefromfamilies,evenfriends,shebecametimid,introversive,andpoorcommunicated.Shewasftillofsullennessandasenseofinferiorityinherheart.Therefore,whenEmilygrowsup,whenherheartwasfilledwithdiverseemotionsandwhenshecouldnotrestrainherstrongemotion,writingbecameheronlyapproachtoexpressherloneliness,inferiorityandsolitary.
EmilyBronteisveryindependentandstrongbecauseofherlong-termstrugglewiththeharshenvironmentaroundher.Shefirmlybelievedthatinordertosolvealltheproblemsanddifficulties,shemustdependonherownpowerofpersonalstruggle.Inthenineteenthcentury,womeninEnglanddidnothavemuchfreedomorindependence.WhenEmilywasalittlegirl,shedidnotunderstandwhatthiskindofsituationmeant.Butasshegrewupintoayounglady,shecametorealizethattherearemanythingsespeciallyforwomenwhicharenotrightinthesociety.Shedidrealizethatinhersociety,thereweremanyverystrictrulesforwomenandyounggirlsandthoserulesalwaystaughthowwomenandyounggirlsshouldbehave.Emilywantstohaveherownfreedomandshedoesn'twanttobehaveashersocietydemandedshewouldbe.Shespendsherwholelifeonrebellionagainstthelimitationsimposedonher.Whilebecauseofherstrengthofcharacter,manypeoplearoundhercouldnotunderstandher;theyregardherasamisfit,whoisnotonlyrudebutalsoodd.ButEmilyBronteinsiststhatsheshouldnotforceherselftobehaveherselfinordertobemoresatisfactoryorseemtobemoreacceptabletohersociety'sstrictstandards.Shewouldnotallowherownpersonalityandthewayofthinkingtobeinfluencedorchangedbyotherpeople'sopinions.
Bywriting,shecanspeakoutherthoughtsopenlyandcanspeakfranklyaboutwhatwasrightandwhatwaswronginherunderstanding.Tosomeextent,EmilyBronteisatimidandisolatedwoman;butshecomposesmanygreatpoemsandoneofthemostdistinctivenovelsintheworld.Andjustlikeherworks,bothhercharacterandherlifeareprettyunique.
Thewomanauthor'spersonalitywilldefinitelyaffectthepersonalityofthecharactersshemouldsinherworks.EmilyBronteisunbendingandtenacious,soheruniquepersonalityiswhollyembodiedinthecharactershemoulds,thatisHeathcliff.Heathcliff'sdeepattachmenttoCatherineandhisnohesitationtorevengeatthecostofhisownlifeevenhisson'shappinessreflecthistenaciouscharacter.
Inthenovel,Heathcliffrevengessuccessfullyinthelast.Buthefeelshisheartisfilledwithemptiness,sohewandersalldaytofollowCatherine'ssoul.Heobjectstomedicaltreatmentandfinallydiesafterfourdays'hungerstrikeinordertocompanyCatherineforever.Atthispoint,HeathcliffisalsoatrueportrayalofEmily.
WhenHeathcliffknewCatherinedied,he“dashedhisheadagainsttheknottedtruck;and,liftinguphiseyes,howled,notlikeaman,butlikeasavagebeastgettinggoadedtodeathwithknivesandspears.Iobservedseveralsplashesofbloodaboutthebarkofthetree,andhishandandforeheadwerebothstained.Thiskindofbehavioriskindofcrazy,butitisalsoareflectionofEmily'sown.Thereisoneexample:
onceEmilycaughtacold,butsherefusedthemedicaltreatmentandevendidnottellherfamiliesabouthersickness.Thensometimelater,shewaslaidupbutsherefusedgreetingsandevencarefromanyone.HerstubbornnessandsolitarinessareverysimilartoHeathcliff's.Emilyissointolerantthatwhenothersgivehersomesuggestionsoradvisesshewillheadintheoppositedirection.Evenwhensheisdying,shestillrefusedtocommunicatewithothers.SomecriticscommentthatHeathcliffisanovelizedEmily,anditisnoexaggerating.EmilyandHeathcliffarespirituallythesameandinotherwords,theysharethesamespirit.
Forseveralgenerations,WutheringHeights,theonlynovelofEmilyBronte,hasbeenappealingnumerousreadersaroundtheworld.CriticshavestudiedWutheringHeightsfromdifferentperspectivesandamongallthecriticismsaboutthisnovel,somearepositive,somearenegativeandsomearemixed.
Thereisnodoubtthattherearemanyreasonswhythisnovelissoattractive,andinmyunderstandingthattherearetwomainreasons.ThefirstreasonisthatWutheringHeightshasanambiguoustheme;theotherreasonisthatWutheringHeightsusesthemodemnarrativetechnique.Fromthedifferentresearchperspectives,differentcriticshavedifferentvoices.SomecriticsholdtheopinionthatWutheringHeightspaysattentiontoclassstruggle,somecriticsthinkthatWutheringHeightsfocusesonromanticism,somecriticspaytheirattentiontotheresearchofhumanityinWutheringHeights,someattachtheimportancetoWutheringHeights'snarrativetechniques,andothersregardthattheyshouldputemphasisonsymbolism.
Amongthedifferentunderstandingsandvoices,themajoritygivestheirpreferencetotheopinionthatthenovelisunfavorable.ThecriticsholdthatHeathcliff,themaincharacterofWutheringHeightsisfillofbrutalityandviolencewhichcannotbeacceptedbypeople.SomeeventhinkthatWutheringHeightswaspublishedatatimewhenEnglandneeded“sunshinemorethanever”(Allott,1992;47),sotheyregardthenovelasa“disagreeablestory”becauseofitstheme.Thevoiceofunfavorableissostrong,evenEmily'ssister,CharlotteBronte,commentsthat''WutheringHeightswashewninawildworkshop,withsimpletools,outofhomelymaterial"(James,1979;11)andsheevensuspects“WhetheritisrightoradvisabletocreatebeingslikeHeathcliff”(James,1979;11).
Whythenovelwassounpopular?
NowadayscriticsregardEmilyBronteasanoutstandinggenius,butmaybeEmilyBrontehassurpassedheragetosomeextent.Sinceitspublication,forthenovelanditsauthor,ittooksomanyyearstogaintherecognitionallovertheworld.“TherecognitionofEmily'spowerhadbeguntoglimmerinsomesensibilitiesinthelate1850sandbytheendofthecenturyhadwonconsiderableallegiance"(Allott,1992;27).
Withthedevelopmentofthehistoryandthedeepresearchoftheworks,therearealsosomecriticsgivetheirpreferencetotheattitudethatthenovelisfavorable.HobartregardedEmilyas“thegreatestintellectualprodigythattheworldha
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