高一英语语法.docx
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高一英语语法.docx
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高一英语语法
高一英语语法一.句子成分
(一)句子成分的定义:
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
(二)主语:
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
但在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)
Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
Smokingdoesharmtohealth.(动名词)
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.
(三)谓语:
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:
由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如:
Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2、复合谓语:
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如:
Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.
(2)由系动词加表语构成。
如:
Wearestudents.
(四)表语:
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)
Timeisup.Classisover.(副词)
(五)宾语:
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)
Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:
(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:
Lendmeyourdictionary,please.
(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:
Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
(六)宾语补足语:
补充说明宾语的特征或状态的。
Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)
(七)定语:
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)
(八)状语:
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可由以下形式表示:
Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)
Heisproudtohavepassedtheexamination.(不定式短语)
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)
(九)同位语:
用来说明或者解释同一事物或人,通常放在所说明的名词或者代词之后。
可由以下形式表示:
Mr.Smith, ournewteacher, isverykindtous.
YesterdayImetTom, afriendofmybrother's.
Thefact thathehadnotsaidanything surprisedeverybody.
★即时训练:
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:
1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.
2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.
3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.
4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!
5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.
6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.
7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.
8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.
9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.
10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.
11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.
12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.
13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.
14.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?
15.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.
16.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.
17.Henoticedamanentertheroom.
18.Theapplestastedsweet.
二.英语句子分类
一)句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种:
1)陈述句(肯定、否定):
Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.
2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):
Dotheylikeskating?
Howoldishe?
Ishesixorsevenyearsold?
Marycanswim,can’tshe?
3)祈使句:
Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass
4)感叹句:
Howclevertheboyis!
2、按句子的结构可分三种:
1)简单句:
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.
TomandMikeareAmericanboys.
Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.
2)并列句:
由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。
e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.
Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)复合句:
含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。
复合句包含:
名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。
e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.
三.简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语:
e.g.Heisastudent.
2、主语+谓语(不及物动词):
e.g.Wework.
3、主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语:
e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.
4、主语+谓语+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):
e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.
5、主语+谓语+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):
e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.
★即时训练:
判断简单句的五种基本句型。
1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.
2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou
3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.
4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.
5.Wouldyoupleasepassmethecup?
6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity.
7.Treesturngreenwhenspringcomes.
8.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.
9.Allthestudentsthinkhighlyofhisteaching.
10.HeaskedustosinganEnglishsong.
11.Theideasoundsgreat.
12.Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.
13.I’llgetmyhaircuttomorrow.
14.Luckilythe1989earthquakedidnothappeninthecenteroftown.
15.Theoldmanlivesalonelylife.
四.定语从句讲解
(1)
(一)定义及相关术语
1.定语从句:
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。
3.关系词:
引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有when, where, why等。
关系词通常有下列三个作用:
A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
例如:
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.
该句中,who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句,修饰先行词the man, “who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词the man,在定语从句中作主语。
(二)定语从句的分类
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.
查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。
(非限)
Thereissomebodyherewhowantstospeaktoyou这里有人要和你说话(限制性)
(二)关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词一览表
功能
作用
用于限制性从句或非限制性从句
只用于限制性从句
代替人
代替物
代替人或物
主语
who
which
that
宾语
whom
which
that
定语
whose(=ofwhom)
whose(=ofwhich)
1.who 指人,在定语从句中作主语。
Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。
2.whom 指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。
Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。
Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. 李明正是我想要见的男孩。
注意:
关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替,也可省略。
The man (whom / who)you met just now is my old friend.
3.Which 指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。
This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。
The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.
他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。
4.that 指人时,相当于who 或whom;指物时,相当于which.。
在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?
我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿?
The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。
The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。
*具体使用时还要注意下列问题:
1、只能使用that,不用which的情况:
*1)当先行词是:
all,any,much;little;none;anything,everything,nothing或被它们修饰时。
IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
有什么可以为你做的吗?
Allthatcanbedonemustbedone.凡是能做的都必须做。
*2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。
例如:
Thatisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthataresoldinthebookshop.
那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。
Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistogetsomefood.
我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。
*3)当先行词有:
theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。
例如:
Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingthat'smissing.
我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。
*4)当主句以who或which开头时,定语从句中引导词用that,不用which或who,以避免重复。
例如:
Whoisthegirlthatiswearingaredcoat?
正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁?
*5)当先行词既有人又有物时,用that。
例如:
Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallywellknown.
你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。
2、只用which不用that的情况:
*1)关系代词前有介词时;
e.g.ThisistheroominwhichLuXunlived.
*2)非限定性定语从句中;作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。
e.g.Thatnecklace,whichyougavemeasapresent,waslostyesterday
*3)先行词本身是that时;e.g.Theclockisthatwhichtellsthetime
即时训练:
Iwilltellhimallyoutoldmeattheball.
Theonlythingwecoulddowastowait.
ThefirstplacewevisitedwastheGreatWall.
Wetalkedaboutthepeopleandthevillagesweremembered.
5.Whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。
注意:
指物时,常用下列结构来代替:
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。
This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。
★即时训练:
一、请分析一下定语从句:
(请划出定语从句,并标出先行词)
Eg.1.AnotherthingthatIfoundverydifficultwasEnglishgrammar.
2.Youcouldn’tunderstandpeoplewhotalkedfast.
3.Ihavesomeideasthatmayhelp.
4.Theysaidsomethingyoudidn’tlike.
5.Canyouthinkofanyproblemsyouhavehadrecently?
6.Whataresomeoftherulesthatateenagershouldobey?
7.Standingveryclosetothepersonyouaretalkingwithisquitecommoninsomecountries.
二.定语从句易犯错误(改错)
1.SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.
2.Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary.
3.Anyonewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.
4.Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.
5.Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.
6.Thekeyopensthebikeismissing.
7.Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.
8.IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.
9.Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?
10.Idon’tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.
三、用关系代词填空:
that、which、who、whom、whose
1.Thisistheman__________wantstoseeyou.
2.Thestudent___________answeredthequestionisZhangHua.
3.Theman__________youwenttoseehascome.
4.Thewoman_______________yousawisourgeographyteacher.
5.Theman___________waspassingbysawwhathappened.
6.Hereisthepen_________youlostthedaybeforeyesterday.
7.Thesebooks_____________youlentmewereveryuseful.
8.Iwillneverforgetthedays______wespenttogether.
9.Aclockisamachine______tellspeoplethetime.
10.Adictionaryisabook_____________givesthemeaningtotheword.
11.Iwillneverforgetthepeopleandtheplaces_____Ihaveevervisited.
12.Isthereanyone____________familyisinBeijing?
13.
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