英国文学复习材料.docx
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英国文学复习材料.docx
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英国文学复习材料
EnglishLiterature
•1.中世纪文学/mediaevalliterature(约5世纪—1485)
•2.文艺复兴时期文学/Renaissanceliterature(15世纪后期—17世纪初)
•3.17世纪文学/17thCenturyLiterature
•4.启蒙时期文学/LiteratureEnlightenmentperiod(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)
•5.浪漫主义时期文学/Romanticliteratureperiod(1798-1832)
•6.现实主义时期文学/Realismperiod(19世纪30年代-1918)
•7.现代主义文学时期/ModernLiteratureperiod(1918-1945)
•8.当代文学/ContemporaryLiterature(1945—今)
1.中世纪文学/mediaevalliterature(约5世纪—1485)
Note:
“Medievalperiod”isaquitespecialperiodinEnglishhistory.InChinese“Medieval”or“TheMiddleAge”.
Overview:
•ManybooksonEnglishliteraturebeginwithChaucer,whoservesasaconvenientstartingpointsinceheisundoubtedlythefirstimportantwriterinEnglishhistory.Suchaconvenientchoice,however,willleaveoutBeowulf,themostimpressivelongpoeminOldEnglish.
•Fromthehistory,thelandwasoccupiedbytheCelts凯尔特人beforetheRomansinvadedit.
PartI:
Anglo-SaxonPeriod(449—1066)
1.Historicalbackground
2.literature
3.OldEnglishPoetry:
Beowulf
TheAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)
•EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-Saxonsettlement
•1.historicalbackground
•Threeconquests:
Romanconquestin43AD;Anglo-Saxonconquestin449;Normanconquestin1066
•43AD,RomanconqueredBritain,makingthelatteraprovinceofRomanEmpire;thewithdrawalofRomantroops,theTeutonictribes日耳曼人的,条顿人的.
•esp.,theAnglosconqueredtheislandandcalleditAngle-land,thenEngland,theirlanguageisAnglo-SaxonoldEnglish.
Newwords:
•pagan[‘peiɡən]:
异教徒,非基督教徒
•Saga['sɑ:
ɡə]:
中世纪北欧传说;英雄传奇(saganovel)(多卷本)家世小说
•ecclesiastic[i͵kli:
zi'æstik]:
(基督教的)牧师,教士
2.Literature:
•theoldEnglishpoetrycanbedividedintotwogroups:
thesecularandthereligious.
•Theseculargroup:
Beowulf,TheWife’sComplaints
•Thereligiousgroup:
GenesisAandBaretwopoemsbasedontheOldTestament.
Sumup:
2.literature
•1):
pagan:
oralsagas--theSongofBeowulf
•2):
Christian:
copiedbythemonk.
•TheinfluenceoftheChristianityuponlanguageandculture.
•Twoecclesiasticpoets:
CaedmonandCynewulf
•Caedmon--[‘kædmən]凯德蒙(公元7世纪盎格鲁-撒克逊基督教诗人)
•Cynewulf--[‘kinəwulf] 基涅武甫(盎格鲁-撒克逊诗人,生活在公元9世纪诺森伯里亚或麦西亚,其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现,有《埃琳娜》、《使徒们的命运》、《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》等)
Epic:
史诗
•Epicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguageandinagrandstyle,likeHomer’sIliad[‘iliəd]andOdyssey[’ɔdisi].Itusuallycelebratesthefeatsandachievementsofoneormorelegendaryortraditionalheroes.Theactionissimplebutfullofmagnificence.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.
•TheepicsaretheearliestpiecesofliteraturesurvivingfromtheOldEnglishperiodandindeedatributetothevitalityoftheancientpaganism.Thistraditionisthecomposinginverseoftribalornationallegendsaboutagreathero,alwaysafightingwarrior.
•ThisistobefoundintheHeroicAgeoftheAnglo-Saxons,whiletheywerestillontheContinent.Inanycase,thepersonalityandthedeedsofaherowereasourceofinspirationtomembersofthetribe.Tocelebratethedeedsofthehero,andtherebytoperpetuatehisnameandhisgloryuntosucceedinggenerations,wasthebusinessofthebard,orminstrel,whomtheAnglo-Saxonscalledthescop古代盎格鲁撒克逊的(吟游)诗人orgleeman吟游诗人.
•HowmanyoftheseepicswerecomposedduringtheHeroicAgeoftheAnglo-Saxoncannotbetold;noneofthemwerewrittendownforcenturies;insteadtheywerepassedbywordofmouthfromscoptoscop;andthestoriesgrewinthepassing.
•theSongofBeowulf[‘beɪə、wʊlf]
----England’snationalepic
OldEnglishPoetry:
TheStoryofBeowulf
•Beowulf--writtenin10thcentury,probablycomposedsometimeduringthefirsthalfofthe8thcentury,aftertheChristianizationofthewholenation.Thehistoricaleventdescribedinthepoembelongstotheearly6thcentury.
•BeowulfisthenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonandEnglishpeople.Itconsistsof3182linesandistobedividedintotwoparts.
–ThoughitisregardedtodayasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons,theheroandthesettingofBeowulfhavenothingtodowithEngland,forthestorytookplaceinScandinavia.
•Scandinavia--[skændɪ’neɪvɪə]:
thecountriesofNEurope,esp.consideredasaculturalunitandincludingNorway,Sweden,Denmark,andoftenFinland,Iceland,andtheFaeroes斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(欧洲)
Beowulf
•BeowulfisfolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheircontinentalhomes.Beowulfisagrandhero.Heisso,simplybyhisdeeds.Heisfaithfultohispeople.Hegoesalone,inastrangeland,toventurehimselfforthedeliveranceofhispeople.Heforgetshimselfinfaceofdeath.Thoughthepoemwaswritteninthe10thcentury,itsherowasnodoubtmainlytheproductofaprimitive,tribalsocietyonthecontinent.
2).theSongofBeowulf-plotandtheme:
I.a.fightwithGrendelII.a.fightwithfiredragon
b.fightwithGrendel’smotherb.deathandfuneral
plot
•PartI:
ItopensinDenmark,whereKingHrothgar'ssplendidmeadhall,Heorot,hasbeenravagedfor12yearsbynightlyvisitsfromanevilmonster,Grendel,whocarriesoffHrothgar'swarriorsanddevoursthem.Unexpectedly,youngBeowulf,aprinceoftheGeatsofsouthernSweden,arriveswithasmallbandofretainersandofferstocleanseHeorotofitsmonster.TheKingisastonishedatthelittle-knownhero'sdaringbutwelcomeshim,andafteraneveningoffeasting,muchcourtesy,andsomediscourtesy,theKingretires,leavingBeowulfincharge.DuringthenightGrendelcomesfromthemoors,tearsopentheheavydoors,anddevoursoneofthesleepingGeats.HethengrappleswithBeowulf,whosepowerfulgriphecannotescape.Hewrencheshimselffree,tearingoffhisarm,andleaves,mortallywounded.
•ThenextdayisoneofrejoicinginHeorot.Butatnightasthewarriorssleep,Grendel'smothercomestoavengeherson,killingoneofHrothgar'smen.InthemorningBeowulfseeksheroutinhercaveatthebottomofamereandkillsher.HecutstheheadfromGrendel'scorpseandreturnstoHeorot.TheDanesrejoiceoncemore.Hrothgarmakesafarewellspeechaboutthecharacterofthetruehero,asBeowulf,enrichedwithhonorsandprincelygifts,returnshometoKingHygelacoftheGeats.
•ThesecondpartpassesrapidlyoverKingHygelac'ssubsequentdeathinabattle(ofhistoricalrecord),thedeathofhisson,andBeowulf'ssuccessiontothekingshipandhispeacefulruleof50years.Butnowafire-breathingdragonravageshislandandthedoughtybutagingBeowulfengagesit.Thefightislongandterribleandapainfulcontrasttothebattlesofhisyouth.Painful,too,isthedesertionofhisretainersexceptforhisyoungkinsmanWiglaf.Beowulfkillsthedragonbutismortallywounded.Thepoemendswithhisfuneralritesandalament.
基本情节可分为两部分:
•第一部分(诗行1—1904):
丹麦国王赫罗斯加兴建了一座宏伟的宴乐厅,遭到魔怪格兰道尔的袭击。
那魔怪为所欲为,连续为害达十二年之久。
消息传到高特人(在今天的瑞典南部。
)耳里。
高特武士贝奥武甫率十四勇士前往救援。
经过激烈的搏斗,力大无穷的贝奥武甫扯断了魔怪的一只胳膊。
垂死的魔怪逃回自己的洞穴。
第二天晚上又有一个魔怪前来骚扰宴乐厅,此魔乃格兰道尔之母,是为他的儿子报仇来的。
贝奥武甫与她在水潭下的洞穴中展开殊死搏斗,最后用魔剑将她杀死。
•第二部分(1905—3182):
贝奥武甫凯旋回国。
不久,国王海格拉克父子先后死于非命,贝奥武甫继承王位。
他成功地统治高特国达五十年之久。
就在壮士暮年,国内出了一条毒龙。
该毒龙因自己守护的财宝被盗,开始向高特人进行报复。
它口吐烈焰,毁灭一切。
为了拯救自己的国家和人民,贝奥武甫毅然进入龙窟。
在一位名叫威格拉夫的年轻武士的援助下,毒龙被除,但老英雄也因受伤过重而献出了生命。
3).Characteristicsof“Beowulf”
•a.themixtureofpaganelementswithChristiancoloring.
•Themostoutstandingexampleisthefrequentreferenceintheepicto“Wyrd”(fate)asthedecisivefactorinhumanaffaires,whileonotheroccasions“God”or“Lord”isalsomentionedastheomniscient[ɔm'nɪsɪənt]无所不知的;andomnipotent[ɔm'nipətənt]全能的beingthatrulesoverthewholeuniverse.
•b.thefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements.Suchas:
•Metaphors:
E.g:
•“Ringgiver”isusedforking.
•“Swanroad”,“whale-path”or“sealbath”forthesea.
•“wave-traveler”or“sea-wood”forship,“shield-bearer”,“battle-hero”or“spear-fighter”forsoldier.
•Understatements:
•E.g:
"nottroublesome"forwelcome.
•c.Themoststrikingfeatureofthepoemistheuseofalliteration头韵.
•Inalliterative[ə’litərətiv]verse,certainaccentedwordsinalinebeganwiththesameconsonantsound.Therearegenerallyfouraccentsinaline,threeofwhichshowalliteration.
•e.g.
•Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,
•Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.
•BeowulftowersaboveallotherAnglo-Saxonliterature,notonlybecauseitisapowerfulpoemaboutpeople’sherowrittenintrueepicstyle,butalsobecauseittellsinartisticformthetaleinaleisurelyway,fullofelaborationsinlegendarydetails,andtheverserisesatplacestoheightsofpoeticgrandeur.
ThesignificanceofBeowulf
•a.ThisgloriousepicpresentsusavividpictureofthelifeofAnglo-Saxonpeopleandhighlypraisesthebraveandcourageousspiritofthefightingagainsttheelementalforces.
•b.TheepicreflectsthesituationstheepochofpagantribalismandoftheeraoftheChristianizedfeudalsociety.
•c.Theepicgivesthevividportrayalofagreatnationalhero,strongandcourageouspeopleandhiskinfolk.
Trueorfalse
TheepicpoemBeowulfdescribesthemostheroicmanoftheAnglo-Saxontimes.ItisaDenmarkstorywhichusedalliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.(T)
PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066—1485)
•TheNorman:
Feudalism,landlord&peasantbeganwiththeNorman,languagegreatlychangedandenriched.
theAnglo-Normanperiod(1066—1485)
1. historicalbackground
•NormanConquestofAnglo-SaxonEngland,underWilliam,DukeofNormandyafterthebattleofHastings[‘heistiŋz]in1066,acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland.
•Note:
battleofHastings:
thedecisivebattleinwhichWilliamtheConqueror(dukeofNormandy)defeatedtheSaxonsunderHaroldII
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