机械类外文翻译.docx
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机械类外文翻译.docx
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机械类外文翻译
MechanicalDesign
Abstract:
Amachineisacombinationofmechanismsandothercomponentswhichtransforms,transmits.Examplesareengines,turbines,vehicles,hoists,printingpresses,washingmachines,andmoviecameras.Manyoftheprinciplesandmethodsofdesignthatapplytomachinesalsoapplytomanufacturedarticlesthatarenottruemachines.Theterm"mechanicaldesign"isusedinabroadersensethan"machinedesign"toincludetheirdesign.themotionandstructuralaspectsandtheprovisionsforretentionandenclosureareconsiderationsinmechanicaldesign.Applicationsoccurinthefieldofmechanicalengineering,andinotherengineeringfieldsaswell,allofwhichrequiremechanicaldevices,suchasswitches,cams,valves,vessels,andmixers.
Keywords:
MechanicalDesign;RulesforDesign;DesignProcess
TheDesignProcess
Designingstartswithaneedreal.Existingapparatusmayneedimprovementsindurability,efficiency,weight,speed,orcost.Newapparatusmaybeneededtoperformafunctionpreviouslydonebymen,suchascomputation,assembly,orservicing.Withtheobjectivewhollyorpartly.
Inthedesignpreliminarystage,shouldallowtodesignthepersonnelfullytodisplaythecreativity,noteachkindofrestraint.Evenifhashadmanyimpracticalideas,alsocaninthedesignearlytime,namelyinfrontoftheplanblueprintiscorrected.Onlythen,onlythendoesnotsendtostopsuptheinnovationthementality.Usually,mustproposeseveralsetsofdesignproposals,thenperformthecomparison.Hasthepossibilityverymuchintheplanwhichfinallydesignated,hasusedcertainnotinplansomeideaswhichaccepts.
Whenthegeneralshapeandafewdimensionsoftheseveralcomponentsbecomeapparent,analysiscanbegininearnest.Theanalysiswillhaveasitsobjectivesatisfactoryorsuperiorperformance,plussafetyanddurabilitywithminimumweight,andacompetitivecost.Optimumproportionsanddimensionswillbesoughtforeachcriticallyloadedsection,togetherwithabalancebetweenthestrengthsoftheseveralcomponents.Materialsandtheirtreatmentwillbechosen.Theseimportantobjectivescanbeattainedonlybyanalysisbasedupontheprinciplesofmechanics,suchasthoseofstaticforreactionforcesandfortheoptimumutilizationoffriction;ofdynamicsforinertia,acceleration,andenergy;ofelasticityandstrengthofmaterialsforstressanddeflection;ofphysicalbehaviorofmaterials;andoffluidmechanicsforlubricationandhydrodynamicdrives.Theanalysesmaybemadebythesameengineerwhoconceivedthearrangementofmechanisms,or,inalargecompany,theymaybemadebyaseparateanalysisdivisionorresearchgroup.Designisareiterativeandcooperativeprocess,whetherdoneformallyorinformally,andtheanalystcancontributetophasesotherthanhisown.Productdesignrequiresmuchresearchanddevelopment.ManyConceptsofanideamustbestudied,tried,andtheneitherusedordiscarded.Althoughthecontentofeachengineeringproblemisunique,thedesignersfollowthesimilarprocesstosolvetheproblems.
Productliabilitysuitsdesignersandforcedinmaterialselection,usingthebestprogram.Intheprocessofmaterial,themostcommonproblemsforfive(a)don'tunderstandornotuseaboutthelatestapplicationmaterialstothebestinformation,(b)failedtoforeseeandconsiderthereasonableusematerialmay(suchaspossible,designersshouldfurtherforecastandconsiderduetoimproperuseproducts.Inrecentyears,manyproductsliabilityinlitigation,theuseofproductsandhurttheplaintiffaccusedmanufacturer,andwonthedecision),(c)ofthematerialsusedallorsomeofthedata,data,especiallywhentheuncertaintylong-termperformancedataisso,(d)qualitycontrolmethodisnotsuitableandunproven,(e)bysomecompletelyincompetentpersonschoosematerials.
Throughtotheabovefivequestionsanalysis,mayobtainthesequestionsisdoesnothavethesufficientreasonexistencetheconclusion.Mayforavoidthesequestionstothesequestionsresearchanalysestheappearanceindicatingthedirection.Althoughusesthebestchoiceofmaterialmethodnottobeabletoavoidhavingtheproductresponsibilitylawsuit,designsthepersonnelandtheindustrycarriesonthechoiceofmaterialaccordingtothesuitableprocedure,maygreatlyreducethelawsuitthequantity.
Mayseefromtheabovediscussion,thechoicematerialpeopleshouldtothematerialnature,thecharacteristicandtheprocessingmethodhavecomprehensiveandthebasicunderstanding.
Finally,adesignbaseduponfunction,andaprototypemaybebuilt.Ifitstestsaresatisfactory,theinitialdesignwillundergocertainmodificationsthatenableittobemanufacturedinquantityatalowercost.Duringsubsequentyearsofmanufactureandservice,thedesignislikelytoundergochangesasnewideasareconceivedorasfurtheranalysesbasedupontestsandexperienceindicatealterations.Salesappeal.
SomeRulesforDesign
Inthissectionitissuggestedthat,appliedwithacreativeattitude,analysescanleadtoimportantimprovementsandtotheconceptionandperfectionofalternate,perhapsmorefunctional,economical,
anddurableproducts.
Tostimulatecreativethought,thefollowingrulesaresuggestedforthedesignerandanalyst.Thefirstsixrulesareparticularlyapplicablefortheanalyst.
1.Acreativeuseofneedofphysicalpropertiesandcontrolprocess.
2.Recognizefunctionalloadsandtheirsignificance.
3.Anticipateunintentionalloads.
4.Devisemorefavorableloadingconditions.
5.Provideforfavorablestressdistributionandstiffnesswithminimumweight.
6.Usebasicequationstoproportionandoptimizedimensions.
7.Choosematerialsforacombinationofproperties.
8.Selectcarefully,stockandintegralcomponents.
9.Modifyafunctionaldesigntofitthemanufacturingprocessandreducecost.
10.Provideforaccuratelocationandnoninterferenceofpartsinassembly.
Machinerydesigncoversthefollowingcontents.
1.Providesanintroductiontothedesignprocess,problemformulation,safetyfactors.
2.Reviewsthematerialpropertiesandstaticanddynamicloadinganalysis,
Includingbeam,vibrationandimpactloading.
3.Reviewsthefundamentalsofstressanddefectionanalysis.
4.Introducesfatigue-failuretheorywiththeemphasisonstress-lifeapproachestohigh-cyclefatiguedesign,whichiscommonlyusedinthedesignofrotationmachinery.
5.Discussesthoroughlythephenomenaofwearmechanisms,surfacecontactstresses,andsurfacefatigue.
6.Investigatesshaftdesignusingthefatigue-analysistechniques.
7.Discussesfluid-filmandrolling-elementbearingtheoryandapplication
8.Givesathoroughintroductiontothekinematics,designandstressanalysisofspurgears,andasimpleintroductiontohelical,bevel,andwormgearing.
9.Discussesspringdesignincludingcompression,extensionandtorsionsprings.
10.Dealswithscrewsandfastenersincludingpowerscrewandpreloadfasteners.
11.Introducesthedesignandspecificationofdiskanddrumclutchesandbrakes.
MachineDesign
Thecompletedesignofamachineisacomplexprocess.Themachinedesignisacreativework.Projectengineernotonlymusthavethecreativityinthework,butalsomustinaspectandsoonmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,engineerigmaterial,materialsmechanicsandmachinemanufacturetechnologyhasthedeepelementaryknowledge.
Oneofthefirststepsinthedesignofanyproductistoselectthematerialfromwhicheachpartistobemade.Numerousmaterialsareavailabletotoday'sdesigners.Thefunctionoftheproduct,itsappearance,thecostofthematerial,andthecostoffabricationareimportantinmakingaselection.Acarefulevaluationofthepropertiesofa.materialmustbemadepriortoanycalculations.
Carefulcalculationsarenecessarytoensurethevalidityofadesign.Incaseofanypartfailures,itisdesirabletoknowwhatwasdoneinoriginallydesigningthedefectivecomponents.Thecheckingofcalculations(anddrawingdimensions)isofutmostimportance.Themisplacementofonedecimalpointcanruinanotherwiseacceptableproject.Allaspectsofdesignworkshouldbecheckedandrechecked.
Thecomputerisatoolhelpfultomechanicaldesignerstolightentediouscalculations,andprovideextendedanalysisofavailabledata.Interactivesystems,basedoncomputercapabilities,havemadepossibletheconceptsofcomputeraideddesign(CAD)andcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM).Howdoesthepsychologistfrequentlydiscusscausesthemachinewhichthepeopleadaptsthemtooperate.Designspersonnel''sbasicresponsibilityisdiligentlycausesthemachinetoadaptthepeople.Thiscertainlyisnotaneasywork,becausecertainlydoesnothavetoallpeopletosayinfactallisthemostsuperioroperatingareaandtheoperatingprocess.Anotherimportantquestion,projectengineermustbeabletocarryontheexchangeandtheconsultationwithotherconcernedpersonnel.Intheinitialstage,designsthepersonneltohavetocarryontheexchangeandtheconsultationonthepreliminarydesignwiththeadministrativepersonnel,andisapproved.Thisgenerallyisthroughtheoraldiscussion,theschematicdiagramandthewritingmaterialcarrieson.
Iffrontsues,themachinedesigngoalistheproductioncanmeetthehumanneedtheproduct.Theinvention,thediscoveryandtechnicalknowledgeitselfcertainlynotnecessarilycanbringtheadvantagetothehumanity,onlyhaswhentheyareappliedcanproduceontheproductthebenefit.Thus,shouldrealizetocarriesonbeforethedesigninaspecificproduct,mustfirstdeterminewhetherthepeopledoneedthiskindofproduct
Mustregardasthe
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