TPO托福阅读34.docx

TPO托福阅读34.docx

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TPO托福阅读34

托福TPO阅读34文本+答案解析

IslamicArtandtheBook

TheartsoftheIslamicbook,suchascalligraphyanddecorativedrawing,developedduringA.D.900to1500,andluxurybooksaresomeofthemostcharacteristicexamplesofIslamicartproducedinthisperiod.Thiscameaboutfromtwomajordevelopments:

paperbecamecommon,replacingparchmentasthemajormediumforwriting,androundedscriptswereregularizedandperfectedsothattheyreplacedtheangularscriptsofthepreviousperiod,whichbecauseoftheirangularitywereuneveninheight.Booksbecamemajorvehiclesforartisticexpression,andtheartistswhoproducedthem,notablycalligraphersandpainters,enjoyedhighstatus,andtheirworkshopswereoftensponsoredbyprincesandtheircourts.BeforeA.D.900,manuscriptsoftheKoran（thebookcontainingtheteachingsoftheIslamicreligion）seemtohavebeenthemostcommontypeofbookproducedanddecorated,butafterthatdateawiderangeofbookswereproducedforabroadspectrumofpatrons.Thesecontinuedtoinclude,ofcourse,manuscriptsoftheKoran,whicheveryMuslimwantedtoread,butscientificworks,histories,romances,andepicandlyricpoetrywerealsocopiedinfinehandwritinganddecoratedwithbeautifulillustrations.Mostweremadeforsaleontheopenmarket,andcitiesboastedspecialsouks（markets）wherebookswereboughtandsold.ThemosqueofMarrakechinMoroccoisknownastheKutubiyya,orBooksellers’Mosque,aftertheadjacentmarket.Someofthemostluxuriousbookswerespecificcommissionsmadeattheorderofaparticularprinceandsignedbythecalligrapheranddecorator.

PapermakinghadbeenintroducedtotheIslamiclandsfromChinaintheeighthcentury.IthasbeensaidthatChinesepapermakerswereamongtheprisonerscapturedinabattlefoughtnearSamarqandbetweentheChineseandtheMuslimsin751,andthetechniqueofpapermaking–inwhichcellulosepulpextractedfromanyofseveralplantsisfirstsuspendedinwater,caughtonafinescreen,andthendriedintoflexiblesheets–slowlyspreadwestward.Withinfiftyyears,thegovernmentinBaghdadwasusingpaperfordocuments.Writingininkonpaper,unlikeparchment,couldnoteasilybeerased,andthereforepaperhadtheadvantagethatitwasdifficulttoalterwhatwaswrittenonit.PapermakingspreadquicklytoEgypt–andeventuallytoSicilyandSpain–butitwasseveralcenturiesbeforepapersupplantedparchmentforcopiesoftheKoran,probablybecauseoftheconservativenatureofreligiousartanditspractitioners.InwesternIslamiclands,parchmentcontinuedtobeusedformanuscriptsoftheKoranthroughoutthisperiod.

Theintroductionofpaperspurredaconceptualrevolutionwhoseconsequenceshavebarelybeenexplored.Althoughpaperwasneverascheapasithasbecometoday,itwasfarlessexpensivethanparchment,andthereforemorepeoplecouldaffordtobuybooks,Paperisthinnerthanparchment,somorepagescouldbeenclosedwithinasinglevolume.Atfirst,paperwasmadeinrelativelysmallsheetsthatwerepastedtogether,butbythebeginningofthefourteenthcentury,verylargesheets–asmuchasameteracross–wereavailable.Theselargesheetsmeantthatcalligraphersandartistshadmorespaceonwhichtowork.Paintingsbecamemorecomplicated,givingtheartistgreateropportunitiestodepictspaceoremotion.Theincreasedavailabilityofpaper,particularlyafter1250,encouragedpeopletodevelopsystemsofrepresentation,suchasarchitecturalplansanddrawings.Thisinturnallowedtheeasytransferofartisticideasandmotifsovergreatdistancesfromonemediumtoanother,andinadifferentscaleinwaysthathadbeendifficult,ifnotimpossible,inthepreviousperiod.

RoundedstylesofArabichandwritinghadlongbeenusedforcorrespondenceanddocumentsalongsidetheformalangularscriptsusedforinscriptionsandmanuscriptsoftheKoran.Aroundtheyear900,IbnMuqla,whowasasecretaryandvizierattheAbbasidcourtinBaghdad,developedasystemofproportionedwriting.Hestandardizedthelengthofalif,thefirstletteroftheArabicalphabet,andthendeterminedwhatthesizeandshapeofallotherlettersshouldbe,basedonthealif.Eventually,sixroundformsofhandwriting,composedofthreepairsofbigandlittlescriptsknowncollectivelyastheSixPens,becamethestandardrepertoryofeverycalligrapher.

Para.1TheartsoftheIslamicbook,suchascalligraphyanddecorativedrawing,developedduringA.D.900to1500,andluxurybooksaresomeofthemostcharacteristicexamplesofIslamicartproducedinthisperiod.Thiscameaboutfromtwomajordevelopments:

paperbecamecommon,replacingparchmentasthemajormediumforwriting,androundedscriptswereregularizedandperfectedsothattheyreplacedtheangularscriptsofthepreviousperiod,whichbecauseoftheirangularitywereuneveninheight.Booksbecamemajorvehiclesforartisticexpression,andtheartistswhoproducedthem,notablycalligraphersandpainters,enjoyedhighstatus,andtheirworkshopswereoftensponsoredbyprincesandtheircourts.BeforeA.D.900,manuscriptsoftheKoran（thebookcontainingtheteachingsoftheIslamicreligion）seemtohavebeenthemostcommontypeofbookproducedanddecorated,butafterthatdateawiderangeofbookswereproducedforabroadspectrumofpatrons.Thesecontinuedtoinclude,ofcourse,manuscriptsoftheKoran,whicheveryMuslimwantedtoread,butscientificworks,histories,romances,andepicandlyricpoetrywerealsocopiedinfinehandwritinganddecoratedwithbeautifulillustrations.Mostweremadeforsaleontheopenmarket,andcitiesboastedspecialsouks（markets）wherebookswereboughtandsold.ThemosqueofMarrakechinMoroccoisknownastheKutubiyya,orBooksellers’Mosque,aftertheadjacentmarket.Someofthemostluxuriousbookswerespecificcommissionsmadeattheorderofaparticularprinceandsignedbythecalligrapheranddecorator.

1.Paragraph1makesallofthefollowingpointsaboutIslamicbooksEXCEPT:

A）Bookswereanimportantformofartisticexpression.

B）Awidevarietyofbookswithdifferentstylesandtopicsbecameavailable.

C）Theyweresoldprimarilynearmosques.

D）Mostbookswereintendedforsaleontheopenmarket.

2.Theword“sponsored”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）visited

B）owned

C）praised

D）supported

3.Theword“adjacent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）major

B）nearby

C）ancient

D）well-known

4.Accordingtoparagraph1,beforeA.D.900,booksintheIslamicworld

A）includedawiderangeofsubjects

B）didnotcontainanycalligraphyordecoration

C）usedroundedscripts

D）wereusuallywrittenonparchment

5.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthormentionthefactthatthemosqueinMarrakech,Morocco,isknownastheBooksellers’Mosque

A）Tocastdoubtontheimportanceofsouksinmakingbooksavailabletocommonpeople

B）Toprovideanexampleofaplacewherebooksweremadeattheorderofaparticularprince

C）Toemphasizehowinfluentialandwellknownthebookmarketswere

D）TodemonstratetheneedforreligioustextsinIslamiclands

Para.2PapermakinghadbeenintroducedtotheIslamiclandsfromChinaintheeighthcentury.【】IthasbeensaidthatChinesepapermakerswereamongtheprisonerscapturedinabattlefoughtnearSamarqandbetweentheChineseandtheMuslimsin751,andthetechniqueofpapermaking–inwhichcellulosepulpextractedfromanyofseveralplantsisfirstsuspendedinwater,caughtonafinescreen,andthendriedintoflexiblesheets–slowlyspreadwestward.【】Withinfiftyyears,thegovernmentinBaghdadwasusingpaperfordocuments.【】Writingininkonpaper,unlikeparchment,couldnoteasilybeerased,andthereforepaperhadtheadvantagethatitwasdifficulttoalterwhatwaswrittenonit.【】PapermakingspreadquicklytoEgypt–andeventuallytoSicilyandSpain–butitwasseveralcenturiesbeforepapersupplantedparchmentforcopiesoftheKoran,probablybecauseoftheconservativenatureofreligiousartanditspractitioners.InwesternIslamiclands,parchmentcontinuedtobeusedformanuscriptsoftheKoranthroughoutthisperiod.

6.Thephrase“extractedfrom”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A）takenoutof

B）producedusing

C）discoveredin

D）combinedwith

7.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

A）Itwasseveralcenturiesbeforepapermakingtechniquesspreadtofarawayareaswhereparchmentwaspopularandusedwidelyinart.

B）AlthoughpapermakingcametoEgyptquickly,ittookmuchlongerforpapertobeusedwhencopyingtheKoran,probablybecauseoftheconservativenatureofreligiousart.

C）PapermakingspreadbeyondEgypt,Sicily,andSpain,butitwasnotwidelyusedbyartistsforcenturies,probablybecauseoftheconservativenatureofartinthosecountries.

D）PaperreplacedparchmentincopiesoftheKoran,probablyattherequestofconservativepractitionersinareaslikeEgypt,Sicily,andSpain.

Para.3Theintroductionofpaperspurredaconceptualrevolutionwhoseconsequenceshavebarelybeenexplored.Althoughpaperwasneverascheapasithasbecometoday,itwasfarlessexpensivethanparchment,andthereforemorepeoplecouldaffordtobuybooks,Paperisthinnerthanparchment,somorepagescouldbeenclosedwithinasinglevolume.Atfirst,paperwasmadeinrelativelysmallsheetsthatwerepastedtogether,butbythebeginningofthefourteenthcentury,verylargesheets–asmuchasameteracross–wereavailable.Theselargesheetsmeant