ISO 7870-2-2013.pdf
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ISO 7870-2-2013.pdf
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CopyrightInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithISONoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHSINTERNATIONALSTANDARDControlchartsPart2:
ShewhartcontrolchartsCartesdecontrole-Partie2:
CartesdecontroledeShewhart-ISOJ=-=Licensee.UniversityofAlberta/5966844001,User=sharabiani,shahramfsNotforResale,11/30/201322:
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37MSTISO7870-2Firstedition2013-04-01ReferencenumberISO7870-2:
2013(E)ISO2013ISO7870-2:
2013(E)COPYRIGHTPROTECTEDDOCUMENTISO2013Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedotherwiseinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,orpostingontheinternetoranintranet,withoutpriorwrittenpermission.PermissioncanberequestedfromeitherISOattheaddressbeloworISOsmemberbodyinthecountryoftherequester.ISOcopyrightofficeCasepostale56CH-1211Geneva20Tel.+41227490111Fax+41227490947E-mailcopyrightiso.orgWebwww.iso.orgPublishedinSwitzerlandCopyrightInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithISONoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHSISO2013-AllrightsreservedLicensee.UniversityofAlberta/5966844001,User=sharabiani,shahramfsNotforResale,11/30/201322:
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37MSTISO7870-2:
2013(E)ContentsPageForeword.ivIntroduction.v1Scope.12Normativereferences.13Terms,definitionsandsymbols.13.1General.13.2Symbols.14NatureofShewhartcontrolcharts.35Typesofcontrolcharts.55.1Controlchartswherenopre-specifiedvaluesaregiven.55.2Controlchartswithrespecttogivenpre-specifiedvalues.65.3Typesofvariablesandattributescontrolcharts.66Variablescontrolcharts.76.1Mean(X)chartandrange(R)chartormean(X)chartandstandarddeviation(s)chart86.2Controlchartforindividuals(X)andcontrolchartformovingranges(Rm).96.3Controlchartsformedians(X).107Controlprocedureandinterpretationforvariablescontrolcharts.117.1Collectpreliminarydata.117.2Examinethes(orR)chart.117.3Removeassignablecausesandrevisethechart.117.4ExaminetheXchart.127.5Ongoingmonitoringofprocess.128Patterntestsforassignablecausesofvariation.129Processcontrol,processcapability,andprocessimprovement.1310Attributescontrolcharts.1511Preliminaryconsiderationsbeforestartingacontrolchart.1711.1Choiceofcriticaltoquality(CTQ)characteristicsdescribingtheprocesstocontrol.1711.2Analysisoftheprocess.1711.3Choiceofrationalsubgroups.1711.4Frequencyandsizeofsubgroups.1811.5Preliminarydatacollection.1811.6Outofcontrolactionplan.1812Stepsintheconstructionofcontrolcharts.1812.1Determinedatacollectionstrategy.1912.2Datacollectionandcomputation.2012.3PlottingXchartandRchart.2013CautionwithShewhartcontrolcharts.2013.1Generalcaution.2113.2Correlateddata.2213.3Useofalternativeruletothethree-sigmarule.22AnnexA(informative)Illustrativeexamples.24AnnexB(informative)Practicalnoticesonthepatterntestsforassignablecausesofvariation.42Bibliography.44CopyrightInternationalOrgizoo7:
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37MSTiiiISO7870-2:
2013(E)ForewordISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies(ISOmemberbodies).TheworkofpreparingInternationalStandardsisnormallycarriedoutthroughISOtechnicalcommittees.Eachmemberbodyinterestedinasubjectforwhichatechnicalcommitteehasbeenestablishedhastherighttoberepresentedonthatcommittee.Internationalorganizations,governmentalandnon-governmental,inliaisonwithISO,alsotakepartinthework.ISOcollaboratescloselywiththeInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)onallmattersofelectrotechnicalstandardization.InternationalStandardsaredraftedinaccordancewiththerulesgivenintheISO/IECDirectives,Part2.ThemaintaskoftechnicalcommitteesistoprepareInternationalStandards.DraftInternationalStandardsadoptedbythetechnicalcommitteesarecirculatedtothememberbodiesforvoting.PublicationasanInternationalStandardrequiresapprovalbyatleast75%ofthememberbodiescastingavote.Attentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsofthisdocumentmaybethesubjectofpatentrights.ISOshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganyorallsuchpatentrights.ISO7870-2waspreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeISO/TC69,Applicationsofstatisticalmethods,SubcommitteeSC4,Applicationsofstatisticalmethodsinprocessmanagement.ThisfirsteditioncancelsandreplacesISO8258:
1991,whichhasbeentechnicallyrevised.ISO7870consistsofthefollowingparts,underthegeneraltitleControlcharts:
Part1:
GeneralguidelinesPart2:
ShewhartcontrolchartsPart3:
AcceptancecontrolchartsPart4:
CumulativesumchartsPart5:
SpecializedcontrolchartsEWMAcontrolchartswillfromthesubjectofafuturePart6.CopyrightInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithISONoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHSISO2013-AllrightsreservedLicensee.UniversityofAlberta/5966844001,User=sharabiani,shahramfsNotforResale,11/30/201322:
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37MSTISO7870-2:
2013(E)IntroductionAtraditionalapproachtomanufacturinghasbeentodependonproductiontomaketheproductandonqualitycontroltoinspectthefinalproductandscreenoutitemsnotmeetingspecifications.Thisstrategyofdetectionisoftenwastefulanduneconomicalbecauseitinvolvesafter-the-eventinspectionwhenthewastefulproductionhasalreadyoccurred.Instead,itismuchmoreeffectivetoinstituteastrategyofpreventiontoavoidwastebynotproducingunusableoutputinthefirstplace.Thiscanbeaccomplishedbygatheringprocessinformationandanalysingitsothattimelyactioncanbetakenontheprocessitself.Dr.WalterShewhartin1924proposedthecontrolchartasagraphicalmeansofapplyingthestatisticalprinciplesofsignificancetothecontrolofaprocess.Controlcharttheoryrecognizestwokindsofvariability.Thefirstkindisrandomvariabilityduetochancecauses(alsoknownascommon/natural/random/inherent/uncontrollablecauses).Thisisduetothewidevarietyofcausesthatareconsistentlypresentandnotreadilyidentifiable,eachofwhichconstitutesaverysmallcomponentofthetotalvariabilitybutnoneofwhichcontributesanysignificantamount.Nevertheless,thesumofthecontributionsofalloftheseunidentifiablerandomcausesismeasurableandisassumedtobeinherenttotheprocess.Theeliminationorcorrectionofcommoncausesmaywellrequireadecisiontoallocateresourcestofundamentallychangetheprocessandsystem.Thesecondkindofvariabilityrepresentsarealchangeintheprocess.Suchachangecanbeattributedtosomeidentifiablecausesthatarenotaninherentpartoftheprocessandwhichcan,atleasttheoretically,beeliminated.Theseidentifiablecausesarereferredtoasassignablecauses(alsoknownasspecial/unnatural/systematic/control/ablecauses)ofvariation.Theymaybeattributabletosuchmattersasthelackofuniformityinmaterial,abrokentool,workmanshiporprocedures,theirregularperformanceofequipment,orenvironmentalchanges.Aprocessissaidtobeinstatisticalcontrol,orsimplyincontrol,whentheprocessvariabilityresultsonlyfromrandomcauses.Oncethislevelofvariationisdetermined,anydeviationfromthislevelisassumedtobetheresultofassignablecausesthatshouldbeidentifiedandeliminated.Statisticalprocesscontrolisamethodologyforestablishingandmaintainingaprocessatanacceptableandstablelevelsoastoensureconformityofproductsandservicestospecifiedrequirements.Themajorstatisticaltoolusedtodothisisthecontrolchart,whichisagraphicalmethodofpresentingandcomparinginformationbasedonasequenceofobservationsrepresentingthecurrentstateofaprocessagainstlimitsestablishedafterconsiderationofinherentprocessvariabilitycalledprocesscapability.Thecontrolchartmethodhelpsfirsttoevaluatewhetherornotaprocesshasattained,orcontinuesin,astateofstatisticalcontrol.Wheninsuchastatetheprocessisdeemedtobestableandpredictableandfurtheranalysisastotheabilityoftheprocesstosatisfytherequirementsofthecustomercanthenbeconducted.Thecontrolchartalsocanbeusedtoprovideacontinuousrecordofaqualitycharacteristicoftheprocessoutputwhileprocessactivityisongoing.Controlchartsaidinthedetectionofunnaturalpatternsofvariationindataresultingfromrepetitiveprocessesandprovidecriteriafordetectingalackofstatisticalcontrol.Theuseofacontrolchartanditscarefulanalysisleadstoabetterunderstandingoftheprocessandwilloftenresultintheidentificationofwaystomakevaluableimprovements.CopyrightInternationalOrgizoo7:
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37MSTVCopyrightInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationProvidedbyIHSunderlicensewithISONoreproductionornetworkingpermittedwithoutlicensefromIHSLicensee=UniversityofAlberta/5966844001,User=sharabiani,shahramfsNotforResale,11/30/201322:
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37MSTINTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO7870-2:
2013(E)Controlcharts-Part2:
Shewhartcontrolcharts1ScopeThisInternationalStandardestablishesaguidetotheuseandunder
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