土木工程专业外文翻译LHC土建著作中的CERN 在大型工程项目中的作用.docx
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土木工程专业外文翻译LHC土建著作中的CERN 在大型工程项目中的作用.docx
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土木工程专业外文翻译LHC土建著作中的CERN在大型工程项目中的作用
外文原文
THEROLEOFCERNINTHELARGECONSTRUCTION
CONTRACTSFORLHCCIVILWORKS
Pedrod’AçaCastel-Branco
STDivision–CivilEngineeringGroup(ST/CE)
CERN,Geneva,Switzerland
Abstract:
ThecontractsforthecivilengineeringconstructionoftheLHCarebaseduponthestandardFIDIC(FédérationInternationaledesIngénieursConseils)documententitled"ConditionsofContractforWorksofCivilEngineeringConstruction".FIDICisareputablesupra-nationalandworldwideFederationofConsultingEngineersfocusedonthedefinitionandregulationoftheroleofmanypartiesinvolvedwiththeInternationalConstructionIndustry.
AnoverviewofFIDIC’sandotherOrganizations’,suchastheWorldBank,standarddocumentsispresented.ThedifferencebetweenstandardContractdocumentsandstandardBiddingdocumentsispointedout.InviewofCERN’sstatusasanintergovernmentalOrganization,theoriginalFIDICstandarddocumentsneededtobeadapted.Themodificationsareidentifiedandexplained.AconcisedefinitionoftheroleofeachpartyconcernedbytheLHCconstructionContracts,i.e.theContractor,theEngineerandtheClient(CERN),ismade.Finally,abriefcost-benefitanalysisonthisparticularlycontractdraftingexerciseispresentedalongwithsomepreliminaryconclusionsandanoutlineofforeseendifficultieswiththeContractmanagement.
1.INTRODUCTION:
ThecivilengineeringworksfortheLHCProjectaredividedintothreemainpackages,plusoneadditionalpackagefortheinjectiontunnelTI8.Package1consistsofallnewundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedonSwissterritoryatPoint1.Identically,Package2consistsofallnewundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedonFrenchterritoryatPoint5.Unlikepackages1and2,package3isgeographicallyspreadaroundtheLEPandSPSringsandconsistsofallundergroundandsurfacestructurestobeconstructedthatarenotlocatedateitherPoint1or5.Thedesignandconstructionsupervisionofthenewworkswasawardedinthreeseparatepackages,eachonetoadifferentmultinationaljointventureofengineeringcompanies.Forthedesignandconstructionsupervisionpurposes,InjectionTunnelTI8isanintegralpartofpackage3.Package1iscurrentlybeingdesignedbyajointventurebetweenElectricitédeFranceandKnightPiésoldoftheUnitedKingdom.Package2wasawardedtoajointventureofGibb(UnitedKingdom),SGI(Switzerland)andGeoconsult(Austria),andpackage3toajointventureofBrown&RootoftheUnitedKingdomandIntecsaofSpain.
Similarly,theconstructioncontractsofthenewworksaretobeawardedinthreeseparatepackagestodifferentinternationalcontractingconsortiaasfollows:
Package1toTeeragAsdagofAustria,BareselofGermanyandLocherofSwitzerland;package2totheSpanish/Italianjoint
venturecomprisingDragadosandSeli;andpackage3,excludingInjectionTunnelTI8,totheAnglo-FrenchconsortiumofTaylorWoodrow,AmecandSpieBatignolles.TheconstructioncontractforInjectiontunnelTI8willbeplacedontheSwissmarketonly.
2.TYPESOFCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTS:
OneofthecriticalfactorsforthesuccessoftheprocurementandsubsequentmanagementoflargeconstructionprojectsistheContractstrategy,i.e.,thetypeofContracttoadopt.KnowingthatCERN’spastexperienceinthisfieldwasnotentirelysuccessfulandgivenCERN’scharacteristicsintermsoforganizationandworkprocedures,wewereabletoidentifyseveralpotentialweaknessesinCERNthatcouldundermineourpositionasEmployer(client).ItwasobviousthatthispotentialweaknessshouldberemovedfromtheContract.
TheContractisadocumentthatdefinesthe‘ScopeofServices’andiscomposedbytwointerdependentparts:
(i)theLegalandCommercialSection,entitledtheFormofContract,and(ii)theTechnicalSection.TheTechnicalSectioniswherethe‘ScopeofServices’orthe‘Product’isfullydescribedintermsoflayout,specifications,requirements,planningandrisks.IntheFormofContractarestatedtheContractmanagementrules,theroleandinterfacesofeachpartyandwhereisallocatedtheinherentContractrisk.
SeveraltypesofContractsarecommonlyusedintheconstructionindustry:
(i)Cost-plusContracts,whichcontractorsarereimbursedforthedirectconstructioncostsplusanagreedprofitpremium(usuallyapercentageofthedirectconstructioncosts);(ii)Re-measurementContracts,basedonaBillofQuantitiesandaseriesofunitrates;(iii)AllianceContracts,basedonperformanceandgoalsinordertomakethecontractoranactiveandinterestedpartyintheoverallsuccessoftheproject,and(iv)Turn-keyContractsinwhichthetotalcontractpriceisalumpsum.
ThesedifferenttypesofContractsareassociatedwithdifferentcontractrisks.InaCost-plusContract,theemployerbearsalmostalltheContractrisk.InaRe-measurementContract,contractorsassumethepartoftheriskassociatedwiththeorganization,methodsandmeansoftheconstructionactivity/process.InanAllianceContract,contractorsassumenotonlytheriskassociatedwiththeRe-measurementContracts,butalsotherisksattachedtothefailureoftheproject’spre-setobjectivesandgoals.InaTurn-keyContract,thecontractorbearsalmostalltheContractrisk.ThismeansthatfromContracttype(i)totype(iv),theinherentcontractriskisdecreasingontheEmployersideandhereforeincreasingontheContractor’sside.
AttachedtotheContractriskistheContractflexibility,i.e.,thecapacitytoaccommodatechangestothe‘ScopeofServices’.Fromtheemployer’spointofview,moreriskmeansalsomoreflexibility.Forinstance,althoughaTurn-keyContractisextremelyappealingfromthe‘ProjectFinance’pointofview(moreandmoreinvestors,bothprivateandinstitutional,imposethistypeofcontractinordertominimizetherisksandfixthecosts)isinfactadisasterwhentheemployerintroducessignificantchangestothe‘ScopeofServices’.
Sinceitwasimpossibletofullydefinethe‘ScopeofServices’fortheLHCprojectandCERNwouldliketoretainsomeflexibilitytoaccommodateinevitablemodifications,itwasdecidedtoadoptaRe-measurementtypeofContract.
SeveralmodelsfortheFormofContract,i.e.,thelegalandcommercialtermsofreference,areavailableforRe-measurementContracts.AlmostallGovernmentsinEurope(World)useorhaveamodelFormofContractforthis.ThemodelsareusuallyelaboratedbyassociationsofConsultingEngineers.OneoftheseassociationsisFIDIC(FédérationInternationaledesIngénieursConseils),whichisareputablesupra-nationalandworld-wideFederationofConsultingEngineersfocusedinthedefinitionandregulationoftheroleofmanypartiesinvolvedwiththeInternationalConstructionIndustry.OneofFIDIC’sdocumentsisthe‘ConditionsofContractforWorksof
CivilEngineeringConstruction’>1@,whichisamodelFormofContractforcivilengineeringRe-measurementContracts.Giventhefactthat(i)FIDICisinternationallyknown;(ii)FIDIC’sFormofContractiswidelyused,and(iii)itistestedandtunedbyyearsofexperience,itwasdecidedtoadopt,asfaraspossible(see§3),thismodelofFormofContract.Inaddition,otherOrganizations,InstitutionsandevenGovernmentsusethismodelintheirconstructionContracts,particularlyinlargeinternationalCallsforTenders.
TheWorldBank,forinstance,imposestheuseoftheir‘StandardBiddingDocuments’>2@intheprocurementofcivilengineeringworksforallfinancedprojects.ThisStandardBiddingDocumentsincludesnotonlyamodelfortheContract,bothFormofContractandTechnicalSection,butalsoallotherbiddingand/ornon-contractualdocumentssuchasInvitationforBids,InstructionstoBidders,etc.Inthe‘StandardBiddingDocuments’theWorldBankadoptstheFIDIC’smodelFormofContract.
3.MODIFICATIONSINTRODUCEDTOFIDICSTANDARDDOCUMENTS:
SeveralpartieswereinvolvedinthepreparationoftheconstructionContracts:
CivilEngineering,PurchasingServicesandLegalServicesgroups,assistedbytheCivilEngineeringConsultantsmentionedin§1andNortonRosealargeBritishlegalconsultantspecializedinconstructionlaw.GivenNortonRose’slargeexperienceincontractdraftinganddisputeresolution,complementedalsowiththecivilengineering(CE)consultantsexperienceinconstructionmanagement,itwasdecidedtomodifyFIDIC’sstandardmodeloftheFormofContractinordertoallocatemorerisk,andthereforeresponsibility,tocontractor’srole,reducingconsequentlytheEmployer’sriskandliability(eliminatingalsothealreadymentionedpotentialweakness),andkeepingthesamelevelofflexibility.
Thesemodificationsare,forinstance:
(i)AfirstinstancedisputeresolutionmechanismwillbeincludedintheContract.ApanelofthreeAdjudicators(independentexpertsengineersexperiencedindisputeresolution)willprovideabindingfirstinstancedecisiononalleventualdisputesthatmightoccurbetweenContractorandEmployerduringtheContract.Anyappeal(i.e.,lawsuits)fromthisdecisionwillonlybepossibleafterthecompletionoftheworks;(ii)TheContractorwillbearsomeoftheriskattachedto‘unforeseengroundconditions’,whichisalwaysasourceofdisputes(validonlyforpackage2;noagreementwasreachedforpackages1and3);(iii)TheContractorwillbecomealsoresponsiblefortheaccuracyoftheBillofQuantities;(iv)CERNwillhavethepowertoterminateanytimethecontract;(v)Thedefectsliabilityperiodwillbeextendedfromtwototenyears.
AsadirectresultofCERN’sstatusasanintergovernmentalOrganizationanditsinternalpurchasingandadministrativerules,anadditionalmodificationnee
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