文学复习资料.docx
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文学复习资料.docx
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文学复习资料
名词解释:
1.Puritanism
PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheProtestantChurch.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.
2.Localcolorism
definedbyHamlinGarlandashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative”;
--localcoloristsemphasizedonlocalpeculiaritiesofspeech,dressandhabitsofthoughtandthepresentationofnativecharactertypes;
3.Imagism
Itisanamegiventoamovementinpoetry,originatingin1912andrepresentedbyEzraPound,AmyLowell,andothers,aimingatclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofprecisevisualimages.
4.Dramaticmonologue
Adramaticmonologuepresentsamomentinwhichanarrator/speakerdiscussesatopicand,insodoing,revealshispersonalfeelingstoalistener.Onlythenarrator,talks—hencethetermmonologue,meaning"single(mono)discourse(logue)."Duringhisdiscourse,thespeakerintentionallyandunintentionallyrevealsinformationabouthimself.Themainfocusofadramaticmonologueisthispersonalinformation,notthespeaker'stopic.Therefore,adramaticmonologueisatypeofcharacterstudy.
5.Lostgeneration
The"LostGeneration"definesasenseofmorallossoraimlessnessapparentinliteraryfiguresduringthe1920s.WorldWarIseemedtohavedestroyedtheideathatifyouactedvirtuously,goodthingswouldhappen.Manygood,youngmenwenttowaranddied,orreturnedhomeeitherphysicallyormentallywounded(formost,both),andtheirfaithinthemoralguidepoststhathadearliergiventhemhope,werenolongervalid...theywere"Lost."
6.Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism,essentially,isaformofidealism.Itwasaphilosophical,literary,social,andtheologicalmovementthatflourishedinNewEnglandfromabout1836to1860,,whichabsorbedsomeideologicalconcernsofAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism,withitsfocusontheintuitiveknowledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.(anewwayoflookingattheworld).Itstressedtheimportanceofindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.(anewwayoflookingatman
7.Imagistpoeticprinciples.
ThethreeImagistpoeticprinciples
(1) Directtreatmentofthe“thing,”whethersubjectiveorobjective;
(2) Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;
(3) Asregardingrhythm,composeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.
作品选读分析:
Passage1
…Suddenlythereshotalongthepathawildlight,andIturnedtoseewhenceagleamsounusualcouldhaveissued—forthevasthouseanditsshadowswherealonebehindme.Theradiancewasthatofthefull,setting,andblood-remoon,whichnowshonevividlythroughthatoncebarely-discerniblefissure,ofwhichIhavebeforespoken,asextendingfromtheroofofthebuilding,inazigzagdirection,tothebase.…
Questions:
1.Fromwhichshortstoryisthispassagetaken?
Whoistheauthorofthisshortstory?
TheFalloftheHouseofUsherEdgarAllanPoe
2.whatkindofstoryisit?
Shortstory
3.What’sthesymbolicmeaningofthe“House”andthe“Fissure”?
“House”referstothedeclineandfalloftheUserfamily
ThefissurethatdevelopsinitssideissymbolicofthedecayoftheUsherfamily,andthecollapsinghousereferstothedeclineandfalloftheUserfamily.
Passage2
“Standingonthebareground,--myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,--allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.”
Questions:
1.Whichworkisthisfragmenttakenfrom?
Who’stheauthor?
NatureRalphWaldoEmerson
2.Whatdoes“UniversalBeing”referto?
TheUniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.
3.Howtoappreciateit?
Nowthisisamomentof“conversion”whenonefeelscompletelymergedwiththeoutsideworld,whenonehascompletelysankintonatureandbecomeonewithit,andwhenthesoulhasgonebeyondthephysicallimitsofthebodytosharetheomniscienceoftheOversoul.Inaword,thesoulhascompletelytranscendedthelimitsofindividualityandbecomepartoftheOversoul.Emersonseesspiritpervadingeverywhere,notonlyinthesoulofman,butbehindnature,throughoutnature
Passage3
…Whentheyoungwoman—themotherofthechild—stoodfullyrevealedbeforethecrowd,itseemedtobeherfirstimpulsetoclasptheinfantcloselytoherbosom;notsomuchbyanimpulseofmotherlyaffection,asthatshemighttherebyconcealacertaintoken,whichwaswroughtorfastenedintoherdress.Inamoment,however,wiselyjudgingthatonetokenofhershamewouldnotpoorlyservetohideanother,shetookthebabyonherarm,andwithaburningblush,andyetahaughtysmile,andaglancethatwouldnotbeabashed,lookedaroundathertownspeopleandneighbours.
Questions:
1.Whichnovelisthisselectiontakenfrom?
Whatisthenameofthenovelist?
TheScarletLetter,NathanielHawthorne
2.Whatis“acertaintoken,whichwaswroghtorfastenedintoherdress”?
Whatarethesymbolicmeaningsofit?
thescarletletter“A”;Inthisnovel,thescarletletter"A"changesitsmeaningmanytimes.Thischangeissignificant.Itshowsgrowthinthecharacters,andthecommunityinwhichtheylive.Theletter"A"beginsasasymbolofsin--adultery.Itthenbecomesasymbolofaloneandalienation,andfinallyitbecomesasymbolofable,angelandadmirable;Thescarletletter"A"alsocanbeseenthesymbolofAdam.
4.What’stheyoungwoman’sattitudetowardthe“certaintoken”?
Passage4
Therunawayslavecametomyhouseandstoptoutside,
Iheardhismotionscracklingthetwigsofthewoodpile,
Throughtheswunghalf-doorofthekitchenIsawhimlimpsyandweak,
Andwentwherehesatonalogandledhiminandassuredhim,
Andbroughtwaterandfill’datubforhissweatedbodyandbruis’dfeet,
Andgavehimaroomthatenter’dfrommyown,andgavehimsomecoarsecleanclothes,
…Questions:
1.What’sthetitleofthepoem?
Fromwhichcollectionofpoetryisthepoemtakenfrom?
Title:
SongofMyselfCollection:
LeavesofGrass
2.What’stheformofthepoem?
What’sthepoet’swritingtechnique?
Technique:
parallelism,phoneticrecurrenceandfreeverse.
Form:
Alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstructureisfrequentlyfavored.Linesandsentencesofdifferentlengthsareleftlyingsidebysidejustasthingsare,undisturbedandseparate.Therearefewcompoundsentencestodrawobjectsandexperiencesintoasystemofhierarchy.
3.What’sthesymbolicmeaningofthetitleofthecollection?
What’sthethemeofthepoem?
thesymbolicmeaning:
ItissignificantthatWhitmanentitledhisbookLeavesofGrass.Hesaidthatwherethereisearth,wherethereiswater,thereisgrass.Grass,themostcommonthingwiththegreatestvitality,isanimageofthepoethimself,asymbolofthethenrisingAmericannationandanembodimentofhisidealsaboutdemocracyandfreedom.Thepoetusethesymbolicmeaningofthegrasstoalludetothecommon,ordinaryandhard-workingAmericanworkingpeople.
thetheme:
Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualism(thebeliefthattherightsandfreedomofindividualpeoplearemostimportant)areallthatconcernedhim.Whitmanbringsthehard-workingfarmersandlaborersintoAmericanliterature,attacktheslaverysystemandracialdiscrimination.Inthisbookhealsoextolsnature,democracy,laborandcreation,andsingsofman'sdignityandequality,andofthebrightest future ofmankind.MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrasssingofthe"en-masse"andtheselfaswell.
Passage5
BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath—
Hekindlystoppedforme—
TheCarriageheldbutjustOurselves—
AndImmortality.
…WepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstrove
AtRecess—intheRing—
WepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrain—
WepassedtheSettingSun—
…Questions:
1.Whoisthepoetofthispoem?
EmilyDickinson
2.Whatdo“He”and“Carriage”referto?
Whatdo“School”,“FieldsofGazingGrain”and“SettingSun”symbolize?
“He”referto‘Death’。
“School”symbolize--childhood
“FieldsofGazingGrain”symbolize--adult
“SettingSun”symbolize--oldage.
3.What’sthepoet’sattitudetowardsDeath?
calmacceptanceofdeath,deathisnottobefearedsinceitisanaturalpartoftheendlesscycleofnature
4.Whatisthepoeticfeatureofthepoet?
.Poeticfeatures
1)sheuseaparticularrhymepattern,usesdashesandcapitallettersasameansofemphasis
2)simplicityandplainness
3)focusonasingleimageorsymbol
4)poemsarepersonalandmeditative
5)personification
Passage6
Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;
Petalsonawet,blackbough.
Questions:
1.What’sthetitleofthepoem?
Who’sthepoet?
InAStationofTheMetroEzraPound
2.Whataretheobjectsandimagesinthispoem?
objects:
thefacesinthedimanddampcontext;
image:
flowerpetalsonawet,blackbough;
3.Howdoyouappreciatetheformandwordsusedinthispoem?
Thedictioninthepoemisconcise,directanddefinite,andthereisnotraditionalrhymeorrhythminthispoem,whileitstillsoundsmusical.
Pa
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