综合英语语法总结.docx
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综合英语语法总结.docx
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综合英语语法总结
新题型:
-WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?
-Whichofthefollowingdeterminers(限定词)canbeplacedbeforebothsingularcountnounsandpluralcountnouns?
-Whichofthefollowingrefelxivepronouns(反身代词)isusedasanappositive(同位语)?
-WhichofthefollowingsentencesexpressesWILLINGNESS?
-Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasasubject?
-Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasanobject?
-AllthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPT.
-Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthemeaningof“Shallwebuytheticketsfirst〞?
-Whichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauseofcause?
-Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasescanfunctionasanadverbial?
-Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasesisanadverbialofconcession?
-"..."Thesentencemeansthat.
《综合教程》〔修订版〕第一册
1〕simplepast,pastprogressive,pastperfect;一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时
Useofsimplepasttense:
1)Thesimplepasttenseisusedtotalkaboutpletedactionsandhabitsinthepast.
e.g.Shakespearediedin1616.
WeusedtowalkamileinthemorningwhenwewereinLondon.
2)Pasttenseofverbssuchaswant,wonder,hopeisusedforpoliteinquiries.
e.g.Iwonderedhowyoulikedthefilm.
Useofpastprogressive:
1)Thepastprogressiveindicatesalimiteddurationoftimeandisthusaconvenientwaytoindicatethatsomethingtookplace(inthesimplepast)whilesomethingelsewashappening.
e.g.Carloslosthiswatchwhilehewasrunning.
2)Thepastprogressivecanexpressinpleteaction.
e.g.IwassleepingonthecouchwhenBertiesmashedthroughthedoor.
※asopposedtothesimplepast,whichsuggestsapletedaction
e.g.Isleptonthecouchlastnight.
3)Thepastprogressiveisalsousedtopokefunatorcriticizeanactionthatissporadicbuthabitualinnature.
e.g.Tashondawasalwayshandinginlatepapers.
4)Weusethepastprogressiveofverbssuchaswondertoshowpoliteness.
e.g.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.
※Thisuseisevenmorepoliteandtentativethanthesimplepast.
Useofpastperfecttense:
1)Thepastperfecttenseexpressestheideathatsomethingoccurredbeforeanotheractioninthepast.Itcanalsoshowthatsomethinghappenedbeforeaspecifictimeinthepast.
e.g.IhadneverseensuchabeautifulbeachbeforeIwenttoKauai.
2)Ifthepastperfecttenseisnotreferringtoanactionataspecifictime,itisnotoptional.paretheexamplesbelow.Herethepastperfecttenseisreferringtoalackofexperienceratherthananactionataspecifictime.Forthisreason,thepastperfecttensecannotbeused.
e.g.SheneversawabearbeforeshemovedtoAlaska.NotCorrect
ShehadneverseenabearbeforeshemovedtoAlaska.Correct
2〕verbsofperception+ingform/-edform/infinitiveform;
感官动词的-ing/-ed/不定式形式
Verbsofperceptionareasetofverbsdenotingtheuseofoneofthephysicalsenses.Someverbsofperceptionsee,lookat,hear,listen,andfeel,alongwithwatchandsensecanbeusedwithobjectsfollowedbyverbsin-ingform,-edformandinfinitiveform.
e.g.Weheardyouleave.(Emphasisonourhearing.)
Weheardyouleaving.(Emphasisonyourleaving.)
Johnhasneverheardthepieceplayedbefore.(Emphasisonthepassivevoiceofplay.)
3〕specialwordorderwithasandthoughas/though引导的让步状语从句
Inaconcessiveclauseintroducedbythoughoralthough,theplementortheadverbialcanbeplacedatthebeginningofthesentence.Theformulafortheinversionis:
plement/adverbial+as/though+subject+predicateverb
e.g.Oldas/thoughheis,heworkshardasayoungman.
Hardas/thoughhestudied,hedidnotpasstheexamination.
Unit2
1)genericreferenceandspecificreferenceofa/anandthe
不定冠词和定冠词的形式、语法意义与用法
Weusuallyuse“the〞whenwetalkaboutthingsthatareunique:
thesun,thesky,etc,andaboutthingsthatarecontextspecificandareknownbyboththespeakerandthelistener.Ifwewanttodescribeaparticularinstanceofthesewecanuse“a/an〞.
e.g.Icouldseetheplane(contextspecific,boththespeakerandthelistenerknowabouttheplanethatismentioned)highupinthesky(unique).
WhenIwokeuptherewasabrightbluesky(aninstance).
2〕gotoschoolorgototheschool用法区别
A/an,theandzeroarticlescanallbeusedinsetcollocationsorfixedcollocationsandidioms.Cautionthatcollocationswithdifferentchoicesofarticlescanmeandifferently.
e.g.Amanisstandinginthefrontofthehouse.(Themanisinthehouse.)
Atreeisstandinginfrontofthehouse.(Thetreeisoutsidethehouse.)
Igotoschooleveryday.(=Igototheschooltostudyeveryday.)
Iwenttotheschooltoday.(=TodayIwenttosomeplaceandthatplacewasaschool.)
Unit3
1)more…thanconstruction;了解和掌握比较级最高级的结构、用法和所表达的意义
※Youcanuse“alittle〞,“alot〞,“abit〞,“agreatdeal〞,“any〞,“far〞,“even〞“still〞,and“much〞infrontofmorethanconstruction.
e.g.TomisalittleyoungerthanTim.
Yougetfarmorethanyoupayforit.
2)as…asconstruction;
Thebasicpatternisas+adjective/adverb+as.
e.g.JohnisasbrightasBob.
Theswimmingpoolisn'taswideasthatone.
※Youcanuse“just〞,“almost〞,“nearly〞,“quite〞infrontof"as…as"construction,
e.g.Listeningskillsarejustasimportantasspeaking.
MaybeIdidn'tloveyouquiteasoftenasIshouldhave.
3〕themost
Thesuperlativeconstructionisusedwhenthreeormorethanthreepeopleorthingsarepared.Inthisconstructionthereisusuallyascopeofparisonwhichmaybeexpressedbyaprepositionalphrase,arelativeclause,oranon-finiteclause.Sometimesthescopeofparisonisunderstoodinthecontextandneednotbeexpressed.Insomesetexpressions,ascopeofparisonisunnecessaryatall.Thenegativeformofthesuperlativeconstructionis"theleast",which,inpracticalusage,isusuallyreplacedbythesuperlativedegreeofantonymousadjectivesoradverbs.
e.g.ThisistheleastdifficultbookIhaveeverread.
Theideaofhighestdegreecanalsobeexpressedbyotherconstructions.Insomecontextsthepositiveorparativedegreeexpressesthesamemeaningasisusuallyconveyedbythesuperlative.
e.g.Georgedidmoreworkthananyoneelse.
NothinginmylifeshookmesodeeplyasmyfirstvisittoChina.
Unit4
1)any,each,all,everyandtheirpounds;any,each,all,every以与它们的复合词
2)countableanduncountablenouns;可数名词和不可数名词
monnounscanbeclassifiedinto1)countablenounsanduncountablenouns,or2)individualnouns,collectivenouns,materialnounsandabstractnouns.Usuallyindividualnounsandcollectivenounsarecountablewhilematerialnounsandabstractnounsareuncountable.Butsometimesabstractnounsandmaterialnounscanbecountableiftheyareusedinspecificsense,forexamplewithanattribute.
e.g.Mychildrenareagreatjoy(anattribute)tome.
Hisroom,atsixteendollarsaday,wasadisappointment(somethingspecific,andsomethingthatdisappointspeople).
SriLankaproducesmanyteas(manykindsoftea).
3〕prepositions介词的用法和特点与其语法意义
Unit5
1)imperativesentences;祈使句
Imperativesentences,alsoknownas“mands〞beginwithaverbintheimperativemoodandexpressamand,aninstruction,anorder,awarning,arequest,asuggestion,awish,aninvitation,etc.
Therearethreekindsofimperatives:
thesecondpersonimperatives,thefirstpersonimperative,andthethirdpersonimperatives.Forthesecondpersonimperatives,ifwewanttoenhancetheforceoftheimperative,wecanaddanemphaticDOorYOUatthebeginningofthesentence.
e.g.Mr.Smith,yousitoverthere.
Doein.
Letmehavealook.
Let’sstopandfinishitlater.
Don’tletanyoneshirkhisresponsibility.
2)questiontagsaddedtoimperativeclauses;祈使句的反意问句的构成和作用
Sometimesweaddquestiontagstotheimperativesentencestosoftentheimperativetone.
Forthesecondpersonimperatives,afterapositiveimperative,thequestiontagcanbe“will/would/can/can’t/won’tyou/?
〞“Won’t〞isusedtoinvite.“Willyou〞isoftenusedasrequest.“Won’tyou〞isusedtoshowlessforcefulorders.“Would〞islessforcefulthan“will〞andmuchlessmon.“Can’tyou〞canshowthespeaker’sannoyance.Afteranegativeimperative,thequestiontagis“willyou?
〞
Ifthepartaddressedincludesonlythespeakerthequestiontagusuallyis“will/won’tyou?
〞Ifthepartaddressedincludesboththespeakerandthelistener,thetagshouldbe“shallwe?
〞
e.g.Don’tbesonoisy,willyou?
Stoptalking,will/won’t/would/can/can’tyou?
Letmedriveyouhome,willyou?
Let’stakeataxi,shallwe?
3〕anther,other(s),theother(s)用法特点与表达的意义
*“Another〞means1)additional,onemore(sometimestwomore,threemore...)personorthingofthesametype;2)adifferentone,notthesamepersonorthing.
e.g.Ineedanotherweek/twoweekstofinishthisinvestigation.
Wefinallymovedtoanotherapartment.
*“Other〞isalwaysfollowedbypluralnouns.Itmeans1)additional;2)else,different.“Others〞meansmorepeopleorthings.
e.g.Dannyisplayingwithtwootherchildren.
SaudiArabiaproducesmoreoilthananyothercountry(Singularnounmustbeusedafter“anyother〞.)
Ionlyknowaboutthisbook,buttheremightbeothers(=otherbooks).
*“Theother(one)〞meansthesecondofthetwopeopleorthings.“Theothers〞(=theotherones)meanstherestofthepeopleorthings.Notethatheretheremustbeaspecificcontext.
e.g.Youcanparkontheothersideofthestreet.
She’smuchbrighterthanalltheotherchildreninherclass(“Inherclass〞servesasaspecificcontext.).
Unit6
1)simpleprepositionsandplexprepositions;介词和复合介词
①Theprepositions,suchasin,of,at,andto,areallsinglewords.WecallthemSIMPLEPREPOSITIONS.
②PLEXPREP
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