How to Write a Summary.docx

How to Write a Summary.docx

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HowtoWriteaSummary

PrecisWriting

Aprecis（/`preisi:

/）isabriefsummary,writteninyourownwords,ofalongerpieceofwriting.Itisacondensedversionoftheessentialcontentoftheoriginalmaterial.Apreciscontainsnocommentsoropinionsofyourown.Itcontainsnodetails,noexamples,noillustrations.Thelanguageshouldbeclearandconcise,withallunnecessarywordsleftout.Itshouldbetheshortestpossibleaccountofwhatyouhaveread.

Herearethe7stepsinwritingaprecis:

1.Readthepassagecarefullyandmakesurethatyouunderstandcompletelywhattheauthorissaying.

2.Underlinethemainpoints.

3.Transferthesepointsontoroughpaper,usingyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

4.Linkupthemainpointsintologicalsentences.

5.Compareyourversionwiththetextandmakesureyouhaven’tmissedanypoints.

6.Countthenumberofwordsandmakeadjustmentsifnecessary.

7.Makeafaircopyofthefinishedversion.

Buthowtoshortenyourprecis?

Themethodssuggestedbelowaresomeofthewritingskills。

1.Changeclausestoshortphrases2.Changeclausesandphrasestosinglewords

演讲ALGore

AlGorefirstlyexpresseshisappreciationtoallthepeopleconcerned.Andthenhetellsacorrectionabouthischaracterinamagazinetoshowhissenseofhumor.Hecontinuestolistmorejokesabouthisboringcharacter.Heregardshisrunningforpresidencyin1988asacharacterbuildingexperience.Next,hementionsthathedecidestorunforthevicepresidenttoescaperidiculeandregaindignity.Hisvotingexperiencehasmadehimamoreoptimisticperson.Lateron,heexpresseshisexcitedfeelingaboutHarvardcommencement.Finally,heshowshisbeliefinpeopletheretoopposecynics’idea,alsohisbeliefinAmericathatAmericaisstillamodelintheworld.HehasastrongfaithinAmericafuture.（124words）

HilaryClinton

HilaryClintonfirstlyexpressesherappreciationtohersupportersinNewYork.Andthenshedescribeshowdifficultthevotingexperienceisandhowimportantparthersupportersplay.ShepromisesthatshewillsetsenatorMoynihasanexampleandreachacrosspartylinestobringprogressforallofNewYork’sfamilies.Next,shepresentsthetravelingexperiencesandherconcernsofNewYorktoshowthatsheiscapableofworkingontheseissuesforalongtime.Shepromisesthattherewillbeadifferencebytryingherbesttosettletheseproblems.Finally,shesaysthatshewilldoherbesttoserveallNewYorkers,nomattertheyhadsupportedherornot.

GeorgeWBush’InauguralAddress

ThisisGeorgeWBush’InauguralAddress.ThespeakerfirstreviewsthestoryofAmerica,whichisastoryofanewworldliberatinganoldone,astoryofaslave-owningsocietybecomingasocietyoffreedom.HethentalksabouttheAmericanpromise,apromisethateverybodybelongs,onethatofferseverybodyanopportunity,apromiseofequality,freedomandjustice.Finally,hecallsonhispeopletocarryonthestory,toberesponsiblecitizens,soastomakeAmericaacountryofmorefreedomandjustice.（88words）（Page107）

NowIt’sTimetoFindCommonGround-----byGeorgeW.Bush

Inthisspeech,GeorgeW.Bushexpressesbothhisappreciationandhisacknowledgetoallthepeopleconcerned.Thenheannounceshewillabandonthedisagreementbeteentwopartiesandtrytorealizehispromisewhichhemadeduringtheelection.

HeknowsthatAmericanslookforwardtopeacefullifeandanimprovingcountry,whichwillsatisfyallneedseconomicallyandpolitically.Inordertoembodydutiesofpresident,hehopesthetwopartiestounitetogetherandprayforAmericahonestly.Hethinksthatthepresidencyisnotonlyanhonorbutalsoadutyandresponsibility.（96words）（Page113）

电影《LEGALLYBLONDE》

——ELLEWOODSHARVARDVIDEOESSAYANDEXAM

ThisepisodeisaboutElleWood’spreparationforandadmissionbytheLawSchoolatHarvardUniversity.Firstly,shedemonstratesherqualityofleadershipandorganizingcapability

inavideoessay.Sheconcentratesonthestudybyovercomingdistractions.Shealsoshowsanamazingmemorybyrecallingmanydetails.Withhard-workingandpainstakingpractice,sheobtainsagoodscoreofLAST（179）.Finally,agroupofHarvardProfessorsdecidetoacceptherduetoherhobbiesandtalentsinmanyfields.

Fromtheaboveepisode,Ithinksuccessinthecombinationofintelligenceanddiligence.

Ontheonehand,intelligenceplaysanessentialroteinone’ssuccess.ElleWoodsisaprettyandsmartgirl.Sheistalentedformanythingsandcanlearnsomethingnewveryquickly.ThisenableshertorealizethedreamasalawstudentatHarvard.

Ontheotherhand,intelligenceisnotenough.Diligenceisalsoanindispensablefactorinone’ssuccess.CleverasElleis,shestillsparesnoeffortandseizeseveryopportunitytostudy.

Allinall,thesetwofactorscombinedguaranteehersuccess.（182words）

……

ElleWoodsproveswithheractionthatblondisnotstupid.Aslongasyouworkhard,youwillgetachievements.Sopeopleshouldnotdiscriminateagainstblond.Thatistosay,youcannotjudgeapersononlyaccordingtoherappearance.Asthesayinggoes:

“Don’tjudgeabookbyitscover.”

ForrestGump

ThisepisodeshowssomecriticalmomentsofForrestGump’samazinglife.ItstartswithGump’srunning.Gumphasrunforthreeyears,twomonths,fourteendaysandsixteenhoursfornothing.Duringthislongtimerunning,heoftenhelpstheotherpeople.Gump’slifeissosimplebutmeaningful.Healwaysfollowshisheartandmakeseverythingimpossiblebecometrue.

FromGump’slifewehavelearnedthatconstancyisnotonlythestickingpointforasingleperson’sbeautifullife,butalsothemotivationoftheprogressofoursocietyandnation.ForrestGumpkeepsrunningforwardevenwithnoreasonandnodestination.ButitimpliesthespiritofAmerica-----movingforwardandnevergivingup.Thespiritencouragespeoplewhowinwithhimandgetgreatachievement.

TheArrangementsforPHDCandidatesofGrade2008

TheUnits:

UnitOneandUnitEight

TheListeningMaterials:

thefilm

thespeeches:

GEORGEW.BUSH,HILARYCLINTON（page112）,Obama’sVictoryandObama’sInauguralAdress

TheTestSections:

PartI.ListenandWrite（20%）

SectionASummaryforSpeech（10%）

Attention:

Inthispart,youwillhearaspeechonce.Attheendofit,youshouldwriteasummaryofwhatyouhaveheardwithinthewordlimit80to100.

SectionBSituationalCommentonFilm（10%）

Attention:

Inthispart,youwillhearpartofthedialogue（s）ormonologuefromthefilmonce.Attheendofit,youshouldcommentonwhatyouhaveheardandwhatyouhavefeltonyourpersonalunderstandingwithinthewordlimitof120to150.

PartII.QuestionsandAnswers（40%）

QuestionOne（5%）….

QuestionTwo（5%）…

QuestionThree（5%）…

…

QuestionEight（5%）…

PartIII.ArticleAnalysis（20%）

PartIV.AcademicCommentandWriting（20%）

UnitOne

ItemThree:

DocumentalAnalysis

MaterialOne:

Theirrelationshipiscauseandeffect.（Para.1）

MaterialTwo:

Theauthorarrangesthewritingmaterialfrompeopletoorganization,frommaterialtospiritandfromindividualtosociety.（Para.3）

MaterialThree:

Theirrelationshipiscauseandeffectormeansandpurpose.（Para.4）

MaterialFour:

Theauthoremploysalliterationbythewords”forecast”and”foresee”.（Para.5）

MaterialFive:

Theauthoremploystheword“tailor“fromthepointofviewofcustomization.（Para.6）

MaterialSix:

Theauthoremploystheword“voiceless“fromthepointofviewofdemocracy.（Para.7）

MaterialSeven:

TheauthormostlyreferstothefunctionoftheInformationMarketplace.（Para.10）

MaterialEight:

Theirrelationshipismeansandpurpose.（Para.11）

MaterialNine:

Theauthormakesarrangementofwritingmaterialfromlife,worktoenjoymentorfrommaterialtospiritualaspects.（Para.12）

MaterialTen:

Wecangetacomprehensivepicturebecause“puttingallthesediscoveriestogether“suggeststhemeaningofcomprehensiveness.

Theirrelationshipiscauseandeffect.（Para.14）

MaterialEleven:

Webeganwithasimplebutfar-reachingmodelofthefutureworldofinformationasanInformationMarketplace,wherepeopleandtheircomputerswillbuy,sell,andfreelyexchangeinformation.（Para.2）

Question:

WhydoestheauthorpreferthetermtheInformationMarketplaceinsteadofInformationAgeinthewritingof“WhatWillBe”?

Answer:

BecausetheInformationMarketplaceistakenasamodel.

MaterialTwelve:

Beginning:

We’venowacknowledgedsomefundamentalancienthumanforcesandthewaystheywillaffectandbeaffectedbytheInformationMarketplace.Andthroughoutthecourseofthisbookwe’veansweredthequestionsweraisedattheverybeginning.SoitistimetofinallyconsiderthegreatesttransformationthattheInformationMarketplacehastooffer.Togettoit,let’sreconstructthegrowingcrescendoofkeydiscoverieswehavemade,whichtogetherdescribe“whatwillbe”.（Para.1）

…..

Ending:

Wecouldstophere,afterputtingallthesediscoveriestogether,…Ontoourfinaldiscovery.（Para.14&Para.15）

Questions:

Whatisthestyleofthiswriting?

Andwhy?

Answer:

Thewritingisformalfrombothstructureandlinguistics.

MaterialThirteen:

AnotherimportantdiscoveryfromtheseexplorationswasthepoweroftheInformationMarketplacetocustomizeinformationandinformationworktodifferenthumanandorganizationalneeds.（Para.6）

Question:

Fromwhatpointofviewdoestheauthoremploytheword“customize“?

Answer:

Theauthoremploysthewordfromtheperspectiveofne