环境微生物复习大纲.docx

环境微生物复习大纲.docx

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环境微生物复习大纲

《环境工程微生物学》复习大纲

1.微生物的概念，特点和主要类群。

1）Conceptatinyorganismsuchasavirus,protozoan,orbacteriumthatcanonlybeseenunderamicroscope;

averysmalllivingthingthatyoucanseeonlywithamicroscope.

2）Characteristic:

minibody,varioustype,diversemetabolic（新陈代谢）typesstrongmetabolicactivity④widedistribution⑤hugenumbers⑥easytomutate

3）majorgroups:

16SrDNA的概念，为什么它能成为微生物分类的主要依据？

1）16SrRNAisasubunitofprocaryoteribosomal16SrDNA,andthegenescodingforitarereferredtoas16srRNAgene.

原因：

16SrRNAisasubunit（亚基）ofprocaryoteribosomes.and18SrRNAisasubunitofeukaryonribosomes.

3）itsmolecularweightismoderate,andithasahighcontent（含量）ofthecell,soitcanbeeasilyextracted

2）Inbacteriaofthe16SrDNAhavemultiplesections（区段）inaconservative（

保守的）,andtherateofevolutionofthisregionofgeneisslow.Soitisusedinreconstructingphylogenies.

4）itsphysiologic（生理的）isstableandnecessarytothegrowthanddevelopment.ThegenecodingtherRNAisverystable.

2.什么是古菌（archaea）？

和真细菌（eubacteria）、真核微生物之间的共同点和区别是什么？

1）membersofoneoftwodistinctgroupsofthemostprimitivelivingsingle-celledorganisms,similarinsizetobacteriabutdifferentinmolecularorganization.

cellwall

cytomembrane

geneticconstitution

archaea

Proteinorpseudopeptide

StraightchainhydrocarbonandGlycerinether

CircularDNAmoleculesandplasmids

eubacteria

Peptideorpolysaccharide

Proteins,fatandcarbohydrates

CircularDNAmoleculesandplasmids

eukaryotic

Polysaccharideorchitin

StraightchainfattyacidsandGlycerolmolecule

LinearDNAmolecules

3.蓝细菌（cyanobacteria）的概念？

isa phylum （门）of bacteria thatobtaintheirenergythrough photosynthesis（光合作用）.Thename"cyanobacteria"comesfromthecolorofthebacteria.

Normalgenus（常见）:

Microcystic（微囊蓝细菌）

Oscillatroia（颤蓝细菌属）

Anabaena（鱼腥藻蓝细菌属）

4.什么是病毒？

其特点是？

1）areagroupofbiologicalentities（实体）consistingofanucleic（核酸）acidencapsulated（包裹）withinaproteincoatknownastheapsidinvariousdifferentsizesandmorphologies.

2）noncellular+obligateparasitism+microorganism（非细胞型+专性寄生+微生物）thediameterofvirusislessthan0.2micrometers,cangothroughthebacteriafilterwithoutcellularstructurecontainDNAorRNA④obligateparasitism⑤reproducebycopyparents⑥Specificresistance

5.什么是噬菌体（phage）？

溶源现象的概念？

1）bacteriophage/phage:

avirusthatinfectsbacteriacellsandmayintegrate（融合）intothegeneticmaterialofitshost（宿主细胞）cell.

2）ItcanalsobeintegratedintothehostgenomechromosomeDNA,andexistsinthehostcellforalongtimeaftertheintegrationofthephagegenome（基因组）canbecopiedwiththehostDNA,whendividingbacteriaproduceprogenycells,theoffspringofchromosomeDNAwiththeintegrationofthephagegenome.

6.什么是原核微生物?

其特点是？

1）prokaryote:

akindofunicellularorganismwithoutnuclearmembraneorganellessuchasmitochondrion（线粒体），lysosome（溶酶体），endoplasmicergatoplasm（内质网）andsoon.Notruenucleusbuthaveribosomes（核糖体）andnakedringDNA.

2）withoutnuclearmembraneorganellessuchasmitochondrion（线粒体），lysosome（溶酶体），endoplasmicergatoplasm（内质网）andsoon.

Notruenucleusbuthaveribosomes（核糖体）andnakedringDNA.

③theycannotmakeprocessinmitosis（有丝分裂）.theygrowinbinaryfission.（二分裂）

6.什么是丝状菌？

主要的代表种属是什么？

论述其在环境工程中的意义。

1）filamentousfungi:

有铁细菌如：

浮游球衣菌（Sphaerotilusnatans）、泉发菌属即原铁细菌属（Crenothrix）及纤发菌属（Leptothrix）。

丝状硫细菌如：

发硫菌属（Thiothrix）、贝日阿托氏菌属（Beggiatoia）、透明颤菌属（Vitreoscilla）、亮发菌属（Luecothrix）等多种丝状菌。

2）好氧或微好痒，以化能异养为主，常存在于被污染的河流、活性污泥以及有机物丰富的环境中，在自然界中起净化作用。

Oftenfoundinpollutedrivers,activatedsludgeandorganicpollutants,candegradeorganicpollutants，astheroleofpurificationinthenature.

Filamentousfungiarelinkwithactivatedsludgebulking.

7.写出5种以上的细菌普通结构和特殊结构，并说明其功能。

1）cellwall:

isastructurallayersurroundingsometypesofcells,situatedoutsidethecellmembrane.

Itprovidesthecellwithbothstructuralsupportandprotection;Actasafilteringmechanism（过滤机制）;themajorfunctionistoactaspressurevessels,preventingover-expansionofcellwhenwaterenters.

cellmembrane：

isabiologicalmembranethatseparatestheinteriorofallcellsfromtheoutsideenvironment.

Controlthetransportofnutrientsandmetabolitesinsideandoutsideofthecell;maintainnormalosmoticpressurewithinthecell;Aplaceforavarietyofbiochemicalreactions.

mesosme（间体）：

Thefunctionisequivalenttothemitochondriaofeukaryoticcells;Topromotetheformationofcellspacing;relatedtothereplicationandseparationofgeneticmaterial.

④cytoplasm（细胞质）：

Majorsitesofbacterialmetabolism

⑤nuclearbody（核质体）：

Materialbasisofbacterialgeneticinformation

2）capsule（荚膜）Selfprotectionfunction;Canbeusedasanenergysource;Majorsurfaceantigen

flegellum（鞭毛）Motororgansofbacteria

fimbria（菌毛）Makethebacteriaattachedtothesurfaceoftheobject;Adsorbednutrient;Relatedtothegrowthandreproductionofbacteria

8.什么是核糖体？

其主要结构和功能是什么？

Ribosome：

Theribosomeisacomplexmolecularmachine,foundwithinalllivingcells,thatservesasthesiteofbiologicalproteinsynthesis（translation）.

Function：

Ribosomeslinkaminoacids（氨基酸）togetherintheorderspecified（表达）bymessengerRNA（mRNA）molecules.Ribosomesconsistoftwomajorcomponents:

thesmallribosomalsubunit（30S）,whichreadstheRNA,andthelargesubunit（50S）,whichjoinsaminoacidstoformapolypeptidechain（多肽链）.EachsubunitiscomposedofoneormoreribosomalRNA（rRNA）moleculesandavarietyofribosomalproteins.Theribosomesandassociatedmoleculesarealsoknownasthetranslationalapparatus.

9.什么是质粒？

AplasmidisasmallDNAmolecule（分子）withinacellthatisphysicallyseparatedfromachromosomal（染色体）DNAandcanreplicate（复制）independently.Theyaremostcommonlyfoundinbacteriaassmallcircular,double-strandedDNAmolecules,plasmidsoftencarrygenesthatmaybenefitthesurvivaloftheorganism,forexampleantibioticresistance.Whilethechromosomesarebigandcontainalltheessentialgeneticinformationforlivingundernormalconditions,plasmidsusuallyareverysmallandcontainonlyadditionalgenesthatmaybeusefultotheorganismundercertainsituationsorparticularconditions.

10.试选择一种细胞内含物（inclusionbody），论述其在环境中的作用和地位。

Forfatsolublesubstances（脂溶性物质）,insolubleinwater.ItiseasytobestainedwithfatsolubledyesinSultan（易被苏丹黑着染）,whichisclearlyvisibleundertheopticalmicroscope.Whenlackofnutrition,itisusedasacarbonsourceandasourceofphosphorus.（磷源）

11.菌胶团的概念。

Somebacteriaduetotheirgeneticcharacteristics,bacteriaarrangedinacertainwaysticksetinbetween,issurroundedbyacommoncapsularformcertainshapesofbacteriagroup,calledzoogloea.

ItistheactivatedsludgeFlocandtricklingmucousmembranemaincomponents.

12.什么是芽孢？

Sporesaresomespecialpopulationsofbacteria,BacillusmainlyarespecialproducedbybacteriaofthegenusClostridiumandhibernation,thereisverystrongresistance,heat,alkali,acid,highpermeabilityandradiationhaveahightolerance.

OrdinaryPasteursterilizationcouldnotkillspores,Spore-killingmethodistypicallyusedforautoclaving.

13.固体培养基和半固体培养基的概念。

Undernormaltemperaturesolidstatemediasaidthesolidmedium.

Joinedthe2%aroundintheliquidmediumofagar,heatedto100cdissolution,coolsandsolidifiesunder40c,makingitasolidformasasolidculturemedium.

Ifthecoagulantisaddedtoasmallamountofliquidmedium,semi-solidagarwasprepared.

Inagar,forexample,betweenitsusagein0.2~1%.

Sometimesthismediumcanbeusedtoobservethedynamicsofmicroorganisms,issometimesusedtopreservespecies.

14.什么是菌落。

Coloniesconsistofasinglebacteria（orothermicro-organisms）cellsoracollectionofthesamecellintheappropriatesolidmediumsurfaceorinternalgrowthtoacertainextent,formingcoloniesvisibletothenakedeyecells.

Colonymorphologyincludsthecolonysize,shape,edge,gloss,texture,color,andtransparency.culturedfromasinglecell.

15.什么是极端微生物？

ExtremophilesaremicrobesinextremeenvironmentsforlifeinGeneral.

Halophiles:

（嗜盐古细菌）areorganismsthatthriveinhighsaltconcentrations

Thermophilicbacteria：

（极端嗜热菌）thatthrivesatrelativelyhightemperatures

Manythermophilesarearchaea.Thermophiliceubacteriaaresuggestedtohavebeenamongtheearliestbacteria.

16.放线菌的概念，其三种菌丝，及其形态结构和功能。

ActinomycetesisagroupofprokaryotesareagroupofGram-positivehigh（g+c）contentofMOL%（>55%）bacteria,issonamedbecauseinradialgrowthonsolidmedia.

Mostdevelopedbranchesofhyphae.

Hyphaeslender,widthclosetorod-shapedbacteria,about0.5~1microns.

1.SubstratemyceliumStreptomycessporesinasuitablesolidsubstratesurfacesabsorbwaterundersuitableconditions,Sporeswellingandgerminationandsprouting,furthertothesurfaceandinternalmatrixaroundtheextension,substratemyceliumformed,alsoknownastheprimaryhyphaeorvegetativehypha,between0.2~0.8micrometersindiameter,pale,themainfunctionistoabsorbnutrientsandexcretionofmetabolites.

2.Aerialhyphaeisthesubstratemyceliumlongstretchoutofthemediumandmyceliumofspace,alsoknownassecondaryhyphae.

Whenviewedunderamicroscope,aerialhyphaegenerallydarker,thickerthansubstratemycelium,and1.0~1.4μmindiameter,andvaryinlength,straightorcurved,pigment,lipid-solublepigment.

3.Sporeiswhentheaerialhyphaedeveloptoacertainlevel,whichcanformsporesandhyphaedifferentiateatthetop,calledspores,andhyphaealsoknownasreproduction.

Sporesmature,canescapefromthesporesflying.

17.真核细胞藻类的概念。

Cyanobacteriaareprokaryotes,alsoknownasblue-greenalgaecyanobacteria;

Mostofthecyanobacterialcellwalloutofaglialcoat,alsoc