本科毕业设计the differences of table manners between chinese and westerns论文定稿.docx

本科毕业设计the differences of table manners between chinese and westerns论文定稿.docx

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本科毕业设计thedifferencesoftablemannersbetweenchineseandwesterns论文定稿

Contents

Introduction 

1.1ChineseTableMannersandCharacteristics

1.1.1Diningmeasures

1.1.2Seatingalignments

1.1.3Servingorder

1.1.4Theusageoftableware

1.1.5Diningmanners

Western（Europe）TableMannersandCharacteristics

2.1Diningmeasures

2.2Seatingalignments

2.3Servingorder

2.4Theusageoftableware

2.4.1Theusageofknifeandfork

2.4.2Theusageofspoonandnapkin

2.5Diningmanners

ThedifferencesofChineseandWesterntablemanners

3.1Arrivaloftime

3.2Banquetpurpose

3.3Banquetforms

Tablewareusagetaboos—chopsticks,knifeandfork

VConclusion

Abstract

WiththedevelopmentofChina’sopening-up,moreandmorewesternculturegetsintooursight. Facingwithunfamiliarculturesandcountries,someinevitableculturalconflictsmighthappeninthecommunication,whichwillseriouslyaffectthecontactsbeingcarriedoutsmoothly.TablemannershaveadecisivepositioninthecommunicationbetweenChinaandwesterncountries.Duringcommunicationitisimportanttoshowourbestimageandavoidculturalconflicts.Learningandusingtherightetiquettewillnotonlystepuptheimage,butalsopromotethebenefitandstrifeofthecompany.ThispaperfocusesonthedifferencesoftablemannersbetweentheWestandChina,andanalyzesthereasonsthatcausedthedifferencesandthewaytosolvetheseproblems.

Keywords:

 culturalconflict;tablemanners;solution

摘要

随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的文化越来越多地映入了我们的眼帘.面对来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象，严重影响了交往的顺利进行。

餐桌礼仪在交际当中占了重要的地位。

学习和运用正确的餐桌礼仪，已不仅仅是自身形象的需要，更是提高双效益、提升竞争力的需要。

因此很有必要找出其深层次的原因，并提出一定的措施来培养跨文化交际的能力，避免文化冲突。

该篇论文的重点是分析中西方在餐桌礼仪的差异，并且就这些差异及其造成的原因进行分析，解决此类问题。

关键词：

文化差异；餐桌礼仪；解决方法

Introduction 

Asthebasisofallotherceremonies,tablemanneristheessentialprocedureineveryone’sdailylife.Foranyone’seducation,weusuallystartfromtablemanners.Thentablemannerisveryimportantsinceitisrepeatedmanytimeseveryday.Itmustbedoneproperlywhethereatingalone,withfamily,orwithfriends.Youshouldtrainyourselfinpropertablemanners,whetheraloneorwithyourfamily.Itwillthenbecomeanaturalpartofyourbehavior,andyouwillbeateaseatthetable.Tablemannerineverykindofcultureistotallydifferent.Forexample,Chineseusechopsticks,westernpeopleuseknivesandforks,whileIndianusehandswhichevidentlyreflectthedifferencebetweendifferentcultures.Meanwhile,thesedifferencescanactivelyexpresstheconnotationandcharacteristicofdifferentculture.ThepaperfocusesonthedifferencesoftablemannersbetweentheWestandChina,andanalyzesthereasonsthatcausedthedifferencesandthewaytosolvetheseproblems.

ChineseTableMannersandTheirCharacteristics

2.1Diningmeasures

OnethingtobeawareofisthatwheneatingwithaChinesehost,youmayfindthatthepersonisusingtheirchopstickstoputfoodinyourbowlorplate.Thisisasignofpoliteness.Theappropriatethingtodowouldbetoeatthewhatever-it-isandsayhowyummyitis.Ifyoufeeluncomfortablewiththis,youcanjustsaythankyoutohimandleavethefoodthere,andmaybecoveritupwithalittlericewhentheyarenotlooking.Thereisacertainamountofleniencyinvolvedwhendealingwithwesterners.Soyouwon'tbechastised.Eatingbeginsinorderofseniority,witheachdinertakingthecuetostartfromhisorherimmediatesuperior.Childrenaretaughttoeatequallyfromeachdishinturn,neverbetrayingapreferenceforaparticularitembyeatingmoreofit,neverseemingtopausetochooseaspecificbitefromtheplate.Inordertocoolthesoupabitandtobetterdiffusetheflavorinthemouth,soupiseatenbysippingfromthespoonwhilebreathingin.Thismethod,ofcourse,producestheslurpingnoisethatistaboointheWest.Toeatrice,adinerraisesthebowltoherlipsandpushesthegrainsintohermouthwithchopsticks.Youshouldfinishallthericeinyourbowl.Toleaveevenagrainisconsideredbadmanners,alackofrespectforthelaborrequiredtoproduceit.

2.2Seatingalignments

People’sdiningpositionreflectsthemostobviousetiquetteofChinesetablemanner.Inancientsociety,menaresupreme,andwomenarenotallowedtositwithmenonthesametable.Althoughthisismodernsociety,thiskindofancientetiquettestillremains.TodayinChina,thephenomenonthatmensitonthetablebeforewomencanbefoundeverywhere.Thehostofafamilyusuallysitsonthefirst-classseat.Thefirst-classseatisusuallyneartheinteriorofaroomfacingtothedoor.Oncethereisaguest,thehostwillofferthefirst-classseattotheguestpolitely.Ifitisanordinarymealoffamily,familiesshouldstartaftertheelder.Ifthereisaguest,themasterofferthefoodtotheguestisessentialfromthebeginningtotheend.Andthetraditionofurgingotherstodrinkisalsoaspecialphenomenon.

2.3Servingorder

Anindividualplacesettingforaneverydaymealincludesabowlofrice,apairofchopsticks,aflat-bottomedsoupspoon,andasaucer.Insteadofanapkin,ahottowelisoftenprovidedattheendofthemealforthedinertowipehishandsandmouth.Themeatandvegetabledishesarelaidoutallatonceinthecenterofthetable,andthedinerseatdirectlyfromthecommunalplatesusingtheirchopsticks.Themealusuallybeginswithasetofatleastfourcolddishes,tobefollowedbythemaincoursesofhotmeatandvegetabledishes.Soupthenwillbeserved（unlessinGuangdongstylerestaurants）tobefollowedbystaplefoodrangingfromrice,noodlestodumplings.Soupisalsoeatenfromthecommonbowl.Ratherthanforservingoneselfaseparateportion,thesaucerisusedforbonesandshellsorasaplacetorestabitetakenfromacommunalplatewhenitistoolargetoeatallatonce.Itisperfectlyacceptabletoreachacrossthetabletotakeamorselfromafar-awaydish.Tofacilitateaccesstoallthedishes,Chinesediningtablesaremorelikelytobesquareorround,ratherthanelongatedliketheirwesterncounterparts.

Ifyouwishtohaveyourricetogowithotherdishes,youshouldsaysoingoodtime,formostoftheChinesechoosetohavethestaplefoodatlastorhavenoneofthematall.

2.4Theusageoftableware

Chopsticksshouldalwaysbeheldcorrectly,i.e.betweenthethumbandfirsttwofingersoftherighthand.

Whennotinuse,chopsticksmustalwaysbeplacedneatlyonthetablewithtwostickslyingtidilynexttoeachotheratbothends.

Chopsticksaretraditionallyheldintherighthandonly,evenfortheleft.Althoughchopsticksmaynowbefoundineitherhand,afewstillconsiderleft-handedchopstickuseimproperetiquette.Oneexplanationforthetreatmentofsuchusageasimproperisthatwithintheconfinesofaroundtablethismaybeinconvenient.

Decidewhattopickupbeforereachingwithchopsticks,insteadofhoveringthemoverorrummagingthroughdishes.

Tokeepchopsticksoffthetable,theycanberestedhorizontallyonone'splateorbowl;achopstickrest（commonlyfoundinrestaurants）canalsobeused.

Whenpickingupapieceoffood,neverusethetipsofyourchopstickstopokethroughthefoodaswithafork;exceptionsincludetearingapartlargeritemssuchasvegetables.Inmoreinformalsettings,smalleritemsorthosemoredifficulttopickupsuchascherrytomatoesorfishballsmaybestabbed,butthisisfrowneduponbytraditionalists.

2.5Diningmanners

Eventhereisnoofficial“tablemanners’inchina,whilethereis“eatingbehavior”.Oncethereis“eatingbehavior”,theremustbesomeeatingmannersuptostandard.HerearesomecharacteristicsonChineseeating:

a.Themealmayonlybeginoncethehostandallhisguestsareseated.Thehostshouldactivelytakecareofallhisguests,invitingthemtoenjoytheirmeal.

b.Apartfromsoup,alldishesshouldbeeatenwithchopsticks.TheChineseareparticularabouttheuseofchopsticks.Therearemanyno-no'ssuchastwiddlingwithchopsticks,lickingchopsticks,orusingthemtostirupthefood,gesturewiththemorpointthematothers.Neverstickchopsticksinthecenterofrice,asthisisthewaytosacrificeandisthereforeconsideredtobeinauspicious

c.AformalChinesedinningisalwaysaccompaniedbytea,beerordistilledspirit.Theonewhositclosesttotheteapotorwinebottleshouldpourthemforothersfromtheseniorandsuperiortothejuniorandinferior.Andwhenotherpeoplefillyourcuporglass,youshouldexpressyourthanks.Guestscannotpourteaorwinethemselves

d.AtoasttoothersisacharacteristicofChinesedinning.Whenallpeoplesitdownandallcupsarefilled,thehostshouldtoastothersfirst,togetherwithsomesimpleprologuetoletthedinningstart.Duringthediningafterthesenior'stoast,youcantoastanyonefromsuperiortoinferiorattheirconvenience.Whensomeonetoastsyou,youshouldimmediatelystopeatinganddrinkingtoacceptandtoastinresponse.Ifyouarefarfromsomeoneyouwanttotoast,thenyoucanuseyourcuporglasstoraponthetabletoattractattentionratherthanraiseyourvoice.However,itisimpolitetourgeotherstodrink.

Conventionally,ifyouareinvitedtoaformalbanquet,allthedishesshouldnotbeeatenupcompletely,oryouwillgivethehosttheimpressionthathehasnotprovidedagoodbanquetsandthefoodwasinsufficient.Afterdining,guestsshouldleaveoncethehosthasleftthetable

.Western（Europe）TableMannersandCharacteristics

3.1Diningmeasures

Whenadishisoffered,thefoodmaybepassedaroundorservedbyahostorstaff.Ifpassed,youshouldpassontheservingdisht