托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读.docx
- 文档编号:11440367
- 上传时间:2023-03-01
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:18
- 大小:24.85KB
托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读.docx
《托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
托福考试真题阅读TPO26reading阅读
EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolution
Foryearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.
Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoavarietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmills
usingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain’smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.
Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.
Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.■However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.■Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.■Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.■Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.
Q1:
Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal”?
A.TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcentury
B.Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesineighteenth-centuryBritain
C.ToindicatethatBritain’senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuel
D.Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-century
Q2:
Whatwas“theproblemofenergy"thathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?
A.Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.
B.Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.
C.Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.
D.Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.
Q3:
WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt’ssteamengine?
A.TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritain
B.Increasedmechanization
C.Morepossibilitiesformilllocation
D.Smallermills
Q4:
Thephrase“apparentin”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.clearlyseenin
B.aidedby
C.associatedwith
D.followedby
Q5:
Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain’smostimportantexportby1850?
A.Rawcotton
B.Cottoncloth
C.Steam-poweredpumps
D.Coal
Q6:
Theword“consequent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.resulting
B.encouraging
C.welldocumented
D.immediate
Q7:
Whatistheroleofparagraph2inthepassageasawhole?
A.Itexplainshowbyincreasingthesupplyofrawmaterialsfromothercountries,Britishindustrieswereabletoreducecostsandincreaseproduction.
B.ItexplainshowtheproductionofmechanicalenergyanditsbenefitsspreadquicklyacrosscountriesthatwerelinkedcommerciallywithGreatBritain.
C.ItdemonstrateswhydevelopmentsinasingleindustrycouldnothavecausedtheIndustrialRevolution.
D.ItillustrateswhyhistorianshaveassignedgreatimportancetotheissueofenergyintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolution.
Q8:
Accordingtoparagraph3,whywastheuseofcokeimportantfortheironindustry?
A.Ithelpedmakewoodintocharcoal.
B.Itreducedthedependencyonsteam-poweredmachinesusedfortheproductionofiron.
C.Itreplacedcharcoalintheproductionofrawandrefinediron.
D.Itpoweredthemachinesusedtoextractcoalin
coalmines.
Q9:
Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueoftheironindustryinGreatBritainduringthe1800sEXCEPT:
A.Steam-drivenbellowswereusedtoproducerawiron.
B.Bythe1850sBritainwastheworld’slargestproducerofiron.
C.Steam-poweredmillsmadeitpossibletoproduceironofdifferentshapesandsizes.
D.Greaterdemandforhigher-qualityironincreaseditsprice.
Q10:
Theword“initiated”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.anticipated
B.accelerated
C.spread
D.started
Q11:
Paragraph4implieswhichofthefollowingaboutthetransformationinrailtransportation?
A.Becauserailwayconstructionemployedmostlyrurallaborers,unemploymentincreasedamongurbanworkers.
B.Itresultedinmoretradewithinthecountry,butlesstradewithmarketsthatcouldbereachedonlybyoceanshipping.
C.Itmadeshippingfreightoverlandtodistantmarketslessexpensive.
D.Itresultedinhigherwagesforfactoryworkers.
Q12:
Thephrase“accustomedto"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
A.inneedof
B.usedto
C.tiredof
D.encouragedby
Q13:
Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.
Thefirststeam-poweredlocomotiveswereslowbuttheyrapidlyimprovedinspeedandcarryingcapacity.
Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.
Q14:
Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
ThecomingoftheIndustrialRevolutionineighteenth-centuryBritaindependedonthedevelopmentofthesteamenginetopowermachinery.
A.Foryears,historiansdisregardedtheissueofenergyasamajorelementintheriseoftheIndustrialRevolutionandfocusedinsteadontechnologicaldevelopmentsandincreasedproduction.
B.Theintroductionandgrowthofsteam-poweredrailtransportwasamajorfactorinBritain'seconomicexpansionduringtheIndustrialRevolution.
C.AnexpansionoftheIndustrialRevolutionoutsideGreatBritainoccurredwhenBritishindustriesbegantoimportrawcottonandhigh-qualityiron.
D.By1850,theuseofsteampowerinBritain'smills,mines,andironindustrymadeBritainaworldleaderintheproductionofcottonclothandiron.
E.Sincethebasicinfrastructurewasinplace,theIndustrialRevolutionfueleditselfwithenlarging
marketsrequiringevermoreexpansionoffactoriesandworkforce.
F.Bytheendofthe1800s,railwayconstructionattractedsomanylaborersthatfactoriescouldnotfindenoughworkerstokeepupwithincreasingsales.
SurvivalofPlantsandAnimalsinDesertConditions
Theharshconditionsindesertsareint
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 托福考试 阅读 TPO26reading