非裔美国人的英语与称谓及音乐与舞蹈种族认同及文化影响.docx
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非裔美国人的英语与称谓及音乐与舞蹈种族认同及文化影响.docx
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非裔美国人的英语与称谓及音乐与舞蹈种族认同及文化影响
AfricanAmericanEnglish&AppellationandMusic
&Dance:
RacialIdentity&CulturalInfluence
非裔美国人的英语与称谓及音乐与舞蹈:
种族认同
及文化影响
Part1:
TheRelationbetweenCultureandLanguage
Therelationbetweencultureandlanguageisasthatbetweencontentandform.Contentdecidesformandformreflectscontent.TheAmericanlanguage,astheform,alsoreflectsthepropercontentofAmericanculture,forexample,multiplecultures.SuchwordsareoftenusedtodescribethemulticulturalisminAmericaasAmericanmosaic,culturalbouillabaisse,kaleidoscope,potofstewandsoon.Inessence,themultipleculturesoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaareshapedbytheimmigrantsfromeverycornerallovertheworld.Everyimmigrantfromaliencountriesismakingeveryefforttomanifesthis/herownnationalfeaturesandcharacteristics,soitiscommonplacetofindinAmericanEnglishthesewordslikediversity,tolerance,multiculturalism,culturalcongruence,acculturation,culturalpluralismandothers.
Alanguagereflectsthecharacteristicsofanation.Itnotonlycarriesthenationhistoryandculturalbackground,butalsodeliversthenation’philosophy,lifestyleandwayofthinking.
TheAfricanAmericanshaveexistedintheUnitedStatesforovertwohundredyears.Asoneofthemostimportantmulticulturalcomponentsthere,theyhavetheirownindispensablecontributiontoAmericanlanguageandculture.TheyhavedevelopedAfricanAmericanEnglishasadialectofEnglishandextendedtheinfluenceofAfricanAmericanmusicanddance,whichhelpstomaintaintheirancestrallanguageandculture,andinfluenceAmericanlanguageandculture.Astimegoeson,theirappellationshavebeenchangingwhichimpliesthattheyhavebecomemoreawareoftheirracialidentity.Also,thewidespreadoftheirmusicanddanceaddstotheirincreasinginfluenceinAmerica.
Part2:
AAEandasasymbolofIdentity
AstotheformofEnglishusedbyAfricanAmericans,linguistshavemany
controversiesovertheyearsandyethaven’treachedanagreement.Theformcanbe
namedasAfricanAmericanEnglish(AAE)orAfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish(AAVE,=“Ebonics”).AAEisadialectofAmericanEnglishusedbymanyAfricanAmericansincertainsettingsandcircumstances.Itisnotslang,aspeoplesometimessay.LikeotherdialectsofEnglish,AfricanAmericanVernacularEnglishisaregular,systematiclanguagevarietythatcontrastswithotherdialectsintermsofitsgrammar,
pronunciation,andvocabulary.(fromCAL)Ebonicsisusedmostoftenforthevernacular(=colloquial,working-class,street,disrespected)formsofit.(Patrick)EbonicsisalanguagesystemcharacteristicofcertainspeechcommunitiesintheUnitedStates,especially(butnotexclusively)AfricanAmericancommunitiesinurbanareasandtheSouth.AlthoughithasmanyfeaturesthatdistinguishitfromvariousdialectsofEnglish,italsohasverymuchincommonwithkindsofEnglishallovertheworld.Italsodiffersfromcommunitytocommunity.Wemustbecarefulto
notethat(a)notallAfricanAmericansspeakEbonics,(b)therearenon-AfricanAmericanswhodospeakEbonics,byvirtueofhavinggrownupinthecommunitieswhereitisspoken.(Rubba,1997.)
J.L.DillarddefinesBlackEnglishasaseparatedialectofEnglishspokenby80
percentofAfricanAmericans,whichdiffersfromothervarietiesofAmericanEnglishinthatitis“traceablespecificallytolanguage-contactphenomenaassociatedwiththeWestAfricanslavetradeandwithEuropeanmaritimeexpansioningeneral,andto
survivalsfromWestAfricanlanguages”.(Dillard,1972:
p.ix)AlthoughEbonics,a
wordcoinedfromafusionofebonyandphonics,andawordsynonymouswithBlackEnglish,hasbeeninexistencesincethe1970s.(Perez,2000)Fromthe1700suntiltheearly1900s,approximately90percentoftheAfricanAmericanpopulationintheUnitedStateslivedintheSouthernstates.Withsuchahighconcentrationofspeakers,
BlackEnglishwasabletomatureintoahighlysophisticatedandrule-governeddialectofEnglish.ItspreadthroughouttheUnitedStatesinthetwentiethcenturyasmanyAfricanAmericansmigratedtothelargeurbancentersintheNorth.Throughthistwo-wayconnectionbetweenAfricanAmericancommunitiesintheruralSouthandtheindustrialNorth,BlackEnglishemerged.StrongregionalandfamilialtiesbetweentheruralSouthandtheindustrialNorthgeneratedmuchcross-fertilizationofoldandnewcommunicationpatterns.Ontheotherhand,defactosegregationinthelargeurbancentersoftheNorthtendedtoinsulateAfricanAmericanandwhitecommunitiesfromeachother.Thatmeantthat,giventhesocialdistancecreatedbetweenspeakersofBlackEnglishandstandardEnglish,bothdialectshadminimalinfluenceononeanother.BlackEnglish,therefore,continuedtopdevelopitsownsetofstructures,functionalpatters,andstyles.(Whatley,1981)
DistinctivepatternsoflanguageuseamongAfricanAmericansaroseascreativeresponsestothehardshipsimposedontheAfricanAmericancommunity.Slave-ownersoftenintentionallymixedpeoplewhospokemanydifferentAfricanlanguagestodiscouragecommunicationinanylanguageotherthanEnglishontheirplantations.Moreover,manywhiteswereunwillingtoallowblackstolearnproperEnglish.Oneresponsetotheseconditionswasthedevelopmentofpidgins,simplifiedmixturesoftwoormorelanguagesthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagescouldusetocommunicatewitheachother.SomeofthesepidginseventuallybecamefullydevelopedCreolelanguagesspokenbycertaingroupsasanativelanguage.SignificantnumbersofpeoplestillspeaksomeoftheseCreolelanguages,notablyGullahontheSeaIslandsofSouthCarolinaandGeorgia.AfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish(AAVE),alsocalledblackEnglishorEbonics,isadialectofEnglishspokenbymanyAfricanAmericansthatsharessomefeatureswithCreolelanguages.(Harris,2007)
Peoplewithoutlinguistictrainingareseldomawarethattheyhavelanguageprejudices.Theycommonlymakeassumptionsabouttheinferiorityofsomedialects,likeAAE,andthesuperiorityofothers,likeBritishEnglish.Theymayalsodrawunfoundedconnectionsbetween“correctnessof”standardgrammarandlogicof
thought.Whentheydothis,theyignoredecadesoflinguisticresearchwhichshowusthat“standard”Englishbecamethestandardforhistoricalandpoliticalreasons,notbecauseitwasbetteratcommunicating.Thatis,thegroupwhospeakaparticulardialecthaveachievedpowerovergroupswhospeakotherdialects.Itisthespeakerswhohavepower;thestatusofthedialectmerelyreflectsthesocialandeconomicstatusofthegroupusingit.Peopletrainedinlinguistics,unlikelaypeople,generallyconsiderthatalldialectsandmodesofspeechareequal.Theyarealladequateto
communicateanymessage,atleastamongpeoplewhosharethedialect.Evenlinguists,whoareusuallynon-judgmentalthough,recognizethatsomecontextsfavortheuseofaparticularvarietyoveranother.UMASS)(
Thefactis,whentwoormorelanguagescometogether,twoormorepeopleshavecometogetherandtheresultisalwaysaboutpowerandidentity.Iftheresultisthatonelanguagebecomesthelinguafranca,itmeansthattheideologyofadominantlanguage/peoplehasoverwhelmedtheotherlanguages/peoplesandtheconquered
mustdealwiththatmarginalization.Iftheresultisapidgin—alanguagethatisnobody’smothertongue,wherethereisnorecognizablegrammaticalstructure
associatedwithaparticularlanguage—thenthereisadesperateneedtocommunicate,whetherfortradeorsurvivalafterconquest.Ifchildrenusethepidginlanguageand
theyexpandthevocabulary,introducegrammarandsoonuntilitbecomesacreolelanguage,thenthatmeansthattheywereconqueredpeoplewhonevergotbackhome.Soifthehistoryofalanguagespeaksvolumes,thehistoryofAfricanAmerican
Englishisdeafening.(Morgan,2002:
12)
The“Africanizedform”ofAAVEanditsculturalhistoryserveasasymbolofethnicidentityandpride.AAVE'sresistancetoassimilationintoStandardAmericanEnglishorothermorestandarddialectsisaconsequenceofculturaldifferencesbetweenblacksandwhites.Anylanguageusedbyisolatedgroupsofpeopleislikelytosplitintovariousdialects.Thus,languagebecomesameansofself-differentiation
thathelpsforgegroupidentity,solidarityandpride.Itis“intricatelyboundupworhersenseofidentityandgroupconsciousness”.(Smitherman)AAVEhassurvived
andthrivedthroughthecenturiesalsoasaresultofvariousdegreesofisolationfrom
SouthernAmericanEnglishandStandardAmericanEnglish—throughboth
“self-segregationfromandmarginalizationbymainstreamsocietyAnswers)”.(
Part3:
AppellationsandRacialIdentity
Appellations
TheAfricanAmericanshaveusedavarietyofappellationsatvariouspointsin
history,suchasAfrican,Negro,Colored,Black,Afro-American,African-AmericanandAfrico-American.Thesenamesaregivenrespectiveexplanationsduringdifferentperiods,andgainthepopularityofcertaingroupsofAfricanAmericans.Allhave
reflectedAfricanAmericans’racialcomplexandpursuitofequalityanddignity黄.(
卫峰,2002:
5thJournal)
Wemayfirsttakeaglanceathowtheappellationschangedintimesequence.In
thecolonialperiod,AfricanAmericanswerecalledasNiggerorNegro,butthey
wouldrathernamethemselvesasAfricans,becausetheywouldn’tforgetwherethey
camefrom.Untilthenineteenthcentury,althoughtheydidn’tobtaintheexpected
rightsandstatus,theyconsidereditreasonabletobehostofthelandforhavinglivedthereforseveralgenerations,sothattheywereprou
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- 关 键 词:
- 美国人 英语 称谓 音乐 舞蹈 种族 认同 文化 影响
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