届毕业设计方案外文翻译.docx
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届毕业设计方案外文翻译.docx
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届毕业设计方案外文翻译
Title:
ThePoeticsofCityandNature:
TowardaNewAestheticforUrbanDesign
JournalIssue:
Places,6(1>
Author:
Spirn,AnneWhiston
PublicationDate:
10-01-1989
PublicationInfo:
Places,CollegeofEnvironmentalDesign,UCBerkeley
Citation:
Spirn,AnneWhiston.(1989>.ThePoeticsofCityandNature:
TowardaNewAestheticforUrban
Design.Places,6(1>,82.
Keywords:
places,placemaking,architecture,environment,landscape,urbandesign,publicrealm,planning,design,aesthetic,poetics,AnneWhistonSpirn
Thecityhasbeencomparedtoapoem,asculpture,amachine.Butthecityismorethanatext,andmorethananartisticortechnological.Itisaplacewherenaturalforcespulseandmillionsofpeoplelive—thinking,feeling,dreaming,doing.Anaestheticofurbandesignmustthereforeberootedinthenormalprocessesofnatureandofliving.
Iwanttodescribethedimensionsofsuchanaesthetic.Thisaestheticencompassesbothnatureandculture。
itembodiesfunction,sensoryperception,andsymbolicmeaning。
anditembracesboththemakingofthingsandplacesandthesensing,using,andcontemplatingofthem.Thisaestheticisconcernedequallywitheverydaythingsandwithart:
withsmallthings,suchasfountains,gardens,andbuildings,andwithlargesystems,suchasthosethattransportpeopleorcarrywastes.Thisaestheticcelebratesmotionandchange,encompassesdynamicprocessesratherthanstaticobjectsandscenes,andembracesmultipleratherthansingularvisions.Thisisnotatimelessaesthetic,butonethatrecognizesboththeflowofpassingtimeandthesingularityofthemomentintime,andonethatdemandsbothcontinuityandrevolution.
Urbanformevolvesintime,inpredictableandunpredictableways,theresultofcomplex,overlapping,andinterweavingdialogues.Thesedialoguesareallpresentandongoing。
somearesensedintuitively。
othersareclearlylegible.Together,theycomprisethecontextofaplaceandallthosewhodwellwithinit.Thisideaofdialogue,withitsembodimentoftime,purpose,communication,andresponse,oscentraltothisaesthetic.
Concomitantwiththeneedforcontinuityintheurbanlandscapeistheneedforrevolution.Despitecertainconstantsofnatureandhumannature,weliveinaworldunimaginabletosocietiesofthepast.Ourperceptionsofnature,thequalityofitsorder,andthenatureoftimeandspacearechanging,asisourculture,provokingthereassessmentofoldformsanddemandingnewones.Thevocabularyofforms—buildings,streets,andparks—thatareoftendeferredtoasprecedentsnotonlyreflectsaresponsetoculturalprocessesandvaluesofthetimeinwhichthoseformswerecreated.Someofthesepatternsandformssillexpresscontemporarypurposesandvalues,buttheyareabstractions.Whataretheformsthatexpresscontemporarycosmology,thatspeaktousinanageinwhichphotographsofatomicparticlesandofgalaxiesarecommonplace,inwhichtimeandspacearenotfixed,butrelative,andinwhichwearelesscertainofourplaceintheuniversethanweoncewere?
Conceivingofnewformsthatcapturetheknowledge,beliefs,purposes,andvaluesofcontemporarysocietydemandsthatwereturntotheoriginalsourceofinspiration,beitnatureorculture,ratherthanthequotationortransformationofabstractionsofthepast.
Time,Change,andRhythm
"Fortheartist,"observedPaulKlee,"dialoguewithnatureremainsaconditiosinequenon.Theartistisaman,himselfnatureandpartofnatureinnaturalspace."Beforehumansbuilttownsandcities,ourhabitatwasorderedprimarilybynature'sprocesses.Themostintimaterhythmsofthehumanbodyarestillconditionedbythenaturalworldoutsideourselves:
thedailypathofthesun,alternatinglightwithdark。
themonthlyphasesofthemoon,tuggingthetides。
andtheannualpassageoftheseasons.
Incontrasttotherepetitivepredictabilityofdailyandseasonalchangeistheimmensityofthegeologicaltimescale.Fromaviewoftheworldthatmeasuredtheageoftheearthinhumangenerations,wehavecometocalculatetheearth'sageintermsofthousandsofmillionsofyearsandhavedevelopedtheoriesoftheearthitself.Thehumanlifespannowseemsbutablip,andtheearthbutasmallspeckintheuniverse.
Theperceptionoftimeandchangeisessentialtodevelopingasenseofwhoweare,wherewehavecomeform,andwherewearegoing,asindividuals,societies,andspecies.Designthatfostersandintensifiestheexperienceoftemporalandspatialscalesfacilitatesbothareflectionuponpersonalchangeandidentityandasenseofunitywithalargerwhole.Designthatjuxtaposesandcontrastsnature'sorderandhumanorderpromptscontemplationofwhatifmeanstobehuman.Designthatresonateswithaplace'snaturalandculturalrhythms,thatechoes,amplifies,clarifies,orextendsthem,contributestoasenseofrootednessinspacetime.
Process,Pattern,andForm
Great,upright,redrocks,thrustfromtheearth,risinghundredsoffeet,striketheboundarybetweenmountainandplainalongtheFrontRangeoftheRockies.RedRocksAmphitheaterissetinthesefoothills,itsflatstagedwarfedbytheredslabsthatframeitandthepanoramicviewoutacrossthecityofDenver,ColoradoandtheGreatPlains.Thestraightlinesoftheterracedseats,cutfromsandstonetofitthehumanbody,andthetightcurveoftheroad,cuttofittheturningcar,seemfragilenexttotherocks'awesomescaleandmagnificentgeometry.
Denverisacityofhighplains,Nestledupagainstthesefoothills,itrestsonsedimentsmanyhundredsoffeetdeep,theirfinegrainserodedfromtheslopesofancientmountainsthatoncerestedatoptheRockies,theirpeakshighabovetheexistingmountains.Theredslabsaretheruinedrootsofthoseancientmountainpeaks,remnantsofrocklayersthatoncearchedhighovertheRockiesweknowtoday.Astheeyefollowstheangleoftheirthrustandcompletesthatarc,oneistransportedmillionsofyearsintothepast.ThisisthecontextofDenver,acontextinspaceandtimecreatedbytheenduringrhythmofnature'sprocessesandrecordedinpatternsintheland.Theamphitheateraffordsnotonlyaviewofthecity,butalsoaprospectforreflectingupontime,change,andtheplaceofmanandcityinnature.
Whenweneglectnaturalprocessesincitydesign,wenotonlyrisktheintensificationofnaturalhazardsandthedegradationofnaturalresources,butalsoforfeitasenseofconnectiontoalargerwholebeyondourselves.Incontrast,placessuchasRedRocksAmphitheaterprovokeavividexperienceofnaturalprocessesthatpermitsustoextendourimaginationbeyondthelimitsofhumanmemoryintothereachesofgeologicalandastronomicaltimeandtotraversespacefromthemicroscopictothecosmic.Howeverpermanentrockmayseem,itisultimatelywornsmoothbywaterandreducedfinallytodust.Thepowerofaraindrop,multipliedbythetrillionsoverthousandsintoplains.Thepatternoflinesetchedbythewaterinthesandofabeachechosthepatternengravedontheearthbyriversovertime.
Thesearethepatternsthatconnect.Theyconnectustoscalesofspaceandtimebeyondourgrasp。
theyconnectourbodiesandmindstothepulseofthenaturalworldoutsideourskin.Thebranchingriverbedcutbyflowingwaterandthebranchingtreewithinwhichthesaprisesarepatternsthatmirrorthebranchingarteriesandveinsthroughwhichourbloodcourses.
Patternsformedbynature'sprocessesandtheirsymmetryacrossscaleshavelongbeenappreciatedbycloseobserversofthenaturalworld.Recentdevelopmentsinscienceaffordnewinsightsintothegeometryofformgeneratedbydynamicprocesses,betheynaturalorcultural,andpointtonewdirectionsfordesign.
Theformsofmountainranges,riverbanks,sanddunes,trees,andsnowcrystals,arepoised,jelled,atamomentintime,thephysicalembodimentofdynamicprocesses.Theirbeautyconsistsofapeculiarcombinationoforderanddisorder,harmoniouslyarranged,andthefactthattheirformsareatequilibrium,atanygivenmoment,withtheprocessesthatproducedthem.Suchformsandthephenomenonoftheirsymmetryacrossscalesoftimeandspace,haverecentlybeendescribedbyanewgeometry,"fractal"geometry,whichoneofitsoriginators,BenoitMandelbrotcalls"thegeometryofnature"—"pimply,""pocky,""tortuous,"and"intertwined."Asensibilitysteepedinclassicalgeometryperceiverstheseformsastoocomplextodescibe.
However,asfractals,suchpatternscanbedescribedwithsimplicity,theresultofrepetitiveprocesses,suchasbifurcationanddevelopment.Thevarietyofformsthatstemfromthesameprocessostheresultofresponsetodifferingconditionsofcontext,oftotheinteractionwithotherprocesses.
Strangeandwonderfulforms,mirroringthoseofnature,havebeencreatedbyrepeatingasinglecomputerprogram.Earlyintheprocess,theresultingform,asseenonthecomputerscreenappearschaotic。
graduallyanorderunfolds.Suchexperimentsarethesubjectofanewfield,coinedChaosbyitspioneers,whofeelthattheyaredefininganewparadigm.Theirsubjectsarediverse,theirobjectiveistoidentifytheunderlyingorderinseeminglyrandomfluctuations.Manyofthoseworkinginfieldhaveexpressedtheiraestheticattractiontothemathematicsoffractalgeometryincontrasttowhattheytermthe"Euclideansensibility."
ThisisageometryforeigntothatofEuclid,withitslinesandplanes,circlesandspheres,trianglesandcones.Euclideangeometryisanabstractionofreality。
itsbeautyliesinsmooth,clean,idealshapes.Itisageometrybasedonthebeliefthatrest,notmotion,isthenaturalstate。
itdescribesthree-dimensionalspacebutneglectstime.
Thatdoesnotmean
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