哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第三课英文字幕.docx

哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第三课英文字幕.docx

《哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第三课英文字幕.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第三课英文字幕.docx（111页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

哈佛大学公开课《公正该如何做是好》第三课英文字幕

1

00:

00:

30,180-->00:

00:

31,910

Whenwefinishedlasttime,

2

00:

00:

36,000-->00:

00:

37,780

wewerelookingat

JohnStuartMill's

3

00:

00:

38,510-->00:

00:

47,320

attempttoreplytothecritics

ofBentham'sUtilitarianism.

4

00:

00:

48,300-->00:

00:

54,310

InhisbookUtilitarianismMill

triestoshowthatcritics

5

00:

00:

54,419-->00:

01:

00,350

tothecontraryitispossible

withintheutilitarianframework

6

00:

01:

00,610-->00:

01:

03,930

todistinguishbetween

higherandlowerpleasures.

7

00:

01:

04,030-->00:

01:

08,680

Itispossibletomakequalitative

distinctionsofworthandwetested

8

00:

01:

08,780-->00:

01:

15,080

thatideawiththeSimpsons

andtheShakespeareexcerpts.

9

00:

01:

15,920-->00:

01:

21,490

Andtheresultsofourexperiment

seemtocallintoquestion

10

00:

01:

24,899-->00:

01:

32,820

Mill'sdistinctionbecauseagreat

manyofyoureportedthatyouprefer

11

00:

01:

33,030-->00:

01:

37,190

theSimpsonsbutthatyou

stillconsiderShakespearetobe

12

00:

01:

37,390-->00:

01:

42,120

thehigherorthe

worthierpleasure.

13

00:

01:

42,670-->00:

01:

48,160

That'sthedilemmawithwhich

ourexperimentconfrontsMill.

14

00:

01:

48,800-->00:

01:

54,060

WhataboutMill'sattempttoaccount

fortheespeciallyweightycharacter

15

00:

01:

54,289-->00:

01:

58,730

ofindividualrightsandjustice

inchapterfiveofUtilitarianism.

16

00:

01:

59,669-->00:

02:

07,380

Hewantstosaythatindividualrights

areworthyofspecialrespect.

17

00:

02:

08,400-->00:

02:

10,570

Infact,hegoessofaras

tosaythatjusticeis

18

00:

02:

10,900-->00:

02:

15,080

themostsacredpartandthe

mostincomparablybindingpart

19

00:

02:

15,269-->00:

02:

16,480

ofmorality.

20

00:

02:

17,150-->00:

02:

23,320

Butthesamechallengecouldbe

puttothispartofMill'sdefense.

21

00:

02:

24,459-->00:

02:

32,690

Whyisjusticethechiefpartand

themostbindingpartofourmorality?

22

00:

02:

32,870-->00:

02:

35,200

Well,hesaysbecause

inthelongrun,

23

00:

02:

36,090-->00:

02:

38,860

ifwedojusticeand

ifwerespectrights,

24

00:

02:

39,609-->00:

02:

43,220

societyasawholewillbe

betteroffinthelongrun.

25

00:

02:

44,519-->00:

02:

46,480

Well,whataboutthat?

26

00:

02:

49,590-->00:

02:

52,050

Whatifwehaveacasewhere

makinganexceptionand

27

00:

02:

52,280-->00:

02:

56,330

violatingindividualrights

actuallywillmakepeoplebetteroff

28

00:

02:

56,560-->00:

02:

57,170

inthelongrun?

29

00:

02:

57,350-->00:

03:

00,310

Isitallrightthen

tousepeople?

30

00:

03:

00,980-->00:

03:

04,120

Andthereisafurtherobjection

thatcouldberaised

31

00:

03:

04,220-->00:

03:

07,460

againstMill'scasefor

justiceandrights.

32

00:

03:

07,560-->00:

03:

10,570

Supposetheutilitarian

calculusinthelongrun

33

00:

03:

10,829-->00:

03:

16,010

worksoutashesaysitwillsuch

thatrespectingpeople'srights

34

00:

03:

17,780-->00:

03:

21,550

isawayofmakingeverybody

betteroffinthelongrun.

35

00:

03:

21,700-->00:

03:

24,420

Isthattherightreason?

36

00:

03:

24,570-->00:

03:

28,130

Isthattheonlyreason

torespectpeople?

37

00:

03:

29,450-->00:

03:

32,480

Ifthedoctorgoesinand

yankstheorgansfrom

38

00:

03:

32,590-->00:

03:

34,970

thehealthypatientwho

cameinforacheckup

39

00:

03:

35,149-->00:

03:

37,010

tosavefivelives,

40

00:

03:

38,179-->00:

03:

41,240

therewouldbeadverse

effectsinthelongrun.

41

00:

03:

41,570-->00:

03:

44,470

Eventually,peoplewould

learnaboutthisand

42

00:

03:

44,679-->00:

03:

46,910

wouldstopgoing

inforcheckups.

43

00:

03:

47,369-->00:

03:

49,130

Isittherightreason?

44

00:

03:

50,480-->00:

03:

54,430

Istheonlyreasonthatyouasa

doctorwon'tyanktheorgans

45

00:

03:

54,660-->00:

03:

59,030

outofthehealthypatient

thatyouthink,well,

46

00:

03:

59,260-->00:

04:

05,850

ifIusehiminthisway,inthe

longrunmoreliveswouldbelost?

47

00:

04:

07,280-->00:

04:

10,520

Oristhereanotherreason

havingtodowithintrinsicrespect

48

00:

04:

10,780-->00:

04:

13,030

forthepersonas

anindividual?

49

00:

04:

13,420-->00:

04:

17,730

Andifthatreasonmatters

andit'snotsoclear

50

00:

04:

17,830-->00:

04:

22,430

thatevenMill'sutilitarianism

cantakeaccountofit,

51

00:

04:

24,570-->00:

04:

29,150

fullytoexaminethesetwo

worriesorobjections,

52

00:

04:

30,420-->00:

04:

35,230

toMill'sdefensewe

needtopushfurther.

53

00:

04:

36,590-->00:

04:

41,430

Andweneedtoaskinthecase

ofhigherorworthierpleasures

54

00:

04:

42,909-->00:

04:

47,880

aretheretheoriesofthegood

lifethatcanprovide

55

00:

04:

48,110-->00:

04:

53,550

independentmoralstandards

fortheworthofpleasure?

56

00:

04:

54,919-->00:

04:

58,220

Ifso,whatdotheylooklike?

That'sonequestion.

57

00:

04:

59,440-->00:

05:

04,120

Inthecaseofjusticeandrights,

ifwesuspectthatMill

58

00:

05:

04,330-->00:

05:

07,340

isimplicitlyleaningon

notionsofhumandignity

59

00:

05:

07,460-->00:

05:

12,850

orrespectforpersonthatare

notstrictlyspeakingutilitarian,

60

00:

05:

13,710-->00:

05:

16,720

weneedtolooktoseewhether

therearesomestrongertheories

61

00:

05:

16,890-->00:

05:

22,980

ofrightsthatcanexplainthe

intuitionwhichevenMillshares,

62

00:

05:

23,400-->00:

05:

26,750

theintuitionthatthereason

forrespectingindividuals

63

00:

05:

26,849-->00:

05:

34,950

andnotusingthemgoesbeyond

evenutilityinthelongrun.

64

00:

05:

37,820-->00:

05:

43,360

Today,weturntooneofthose

strongtheoriesofrights.

65

00:

05:

44,609-->00:

05:

49,710

Strongtheoriesofrightsay

individualsmatternotjustas

66

00:

05:

49,859-->00:

05:

53,570

instrumentstobeusedfor

alargersocialpurpose

67

00:

05:

56,080-->00:

05:

58,360

orforthesakeof

maximizingutility,

68

00:

05:

59,190-->00:

06:

05,180

individualsareseparatebeings

withseparatelivesworthyofrespect.

69

00:

06:

07,000-->00:

06:

10,010

Andsoit'samistake,

accordingtostrongtheories

70

00:

06:

10,210-->00:

06:

14,710

orrights,it'samistake

tothinkaboutjustice

71

00:

06:

14,810-->00:

06:

21,660

orlawbyjustaddingup

preferencesandvalues.

72

00:

06:

22,169-->00:

06:

25,470

Thestrongrightstheory

weturntotodayis

73

00:

06:

25,570-->00:

06:

27,510

libertarianism.

74

00:

06:

28,260-->00:

06:

32,580

Libertarianismtakes

individualrightsseriously.

75

00:

06:

33,799-->00:

06:

35,550

It'scalledlibertarianism

becauseitsays

76

00:

06:

35,840-->00:

06:

39,920

thefundamentalindividual

rightistherighttoliberty

77

00:

06:

42,520-->00:

06:

46,890

preciselybecauseweare

separateindividualbeings.

78

00:

06:

48,659-->00:

06:

53,470

We'renotavailableto

anyusethatthesociety

79

00:

06:

53,700-->00:

06:

57,180

mightdesireordevise

preciselybecauseweare

80

00:

06:

57,280-->00:

07:

00,210

individualseparate

humanbeings.

81

00:

07:

01,570-->00:

07:

04,240

Wehaveafundamental

righttoliberty,

82

00:

07:

04,490-->00:

07:

10,290

andthatmeansaright

tochoosefreely,

83

00:

07:

10,760-->00:

07:

12,930

toliveourlives

asweplease

84

00:

07:

13,159-->00:

07:

16,930

providedwerespectother

people'srightstodothesame.

85

00:

07:

17,630-->00:

07:

19,700

That'sthefundamentalidea.

86

00:

07:

20,739-->00:

07:

24,120

RobertNozick,oneofthe

libertarianphilosophers

87

00:

07:

24,320-->00:

07:

28,820

wereadforthiscourse,

putsitthisway:

88

00:

07:

29,620-->00:

07:

31,220

Individualshaverights.

89

00:

07:

31,479-->00:

07:

35,040

Sostrongandfarreaching

aretheserightsthatthey

90

00:

07:

35,130-->00:

07:

39,550

raisethequestionofwhat,

ifanything,thestatemaydo.

91

00:

07:

44,010-->00:

07:

49,580

Sowhatdoeslibertarianism

sayabouttheroleofgovernment

92

00:

07:

50,180-->00:

07:

51,750

orofthestate?

93

00:

07:

52,190-->00:

07:

56,300

Well,therearethreethings

thatmostmodernstatesdo

94

00:

07:

58,299-->00:

08:

02,140

thatonthelibertarian

theoryofrightsare

95

00:

08:

02,400-->00:

08:

05,640

illegitimateorunjust.

96

00:

08:

06,609-->00:

08:

10,090

Oneofthemis

paternalistlegislation.

97

00:

08:

10,340-->00:

08:

13,950

That'spassinglawsthat

protectpeoplefromthemselves,

98

00:

08:

14,370-->00:

08:

18,030

seatbeltlaws,forexample,

ormotorcyclehelmetlaws.

99

00:

08:

19,070-->00:

08:

22,080

Thelibertariansaysit

maybeagoodthing

100

00:

08:

22,179-->00:

08:

24,350

ifpeoplewearseatbelts

101

00:

08:

24,870-->00:

08:

28,710

butthatshouldbeupto

themandthestate,

102

00:

08:

28,969-->00:

08:

32,210

thegovernment,hasno

businesscoercingthem,

103

00:

08:

32,990-->00:

08:

38,060

us,towearseatbelts

bylaw.

104

00:

08:

39,030-->00:

08:

44,780

It'scoercion,sonopaternalist

legislation,numberone.

105

00:

08:

45,040-->00:

08:

48,310

Numbertwo,no

moralslegislation.

106

00:

08:

48,980-->00:

08:

54,500

Manylawstrytopromote

thevirtueofcitizens

107

00:

08:

54,600-->00:

09:

02,260

ortrytogiveexpressiontothe

moralvaluesofthesocietyasawhole.

108

00:

09:

03,610-->00:

09:

08,600

Libertariansaythat'salsoa

violationoftherighttoliberty.

109

00:

09:

10,840-->00:

09:

14,000

Taketheexampleof,well,

aclassicexample

110

00:

09:

14,240-->00:

09:

17,300

oflegislationauthoredinthe

nameofpromotingmorality

111

00:

09:

17,400-->00:

09:

22,790

traditionallyhavebeenlawsthat

preventsexualintimacy

112

00:

09:

22,910-->00:

09:

26,730

betweengaysandlesbians.

113

00:

09:

27,670-->00:

09:

31,180

Thelibertariansaysnobody

elseisharmed,

114

00:

09:

31,319-->00:

09:

33,420

nobodyelse'srights

areviolated,

115

00:

09:

33,880-->00:

09:

38,610

sothestateshouldgetout

ofthebusinessentirelyof

116

00:

09:

38,850-->00:

09:

42,460

tryingtopromotevirtueor

toenact