On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页.docx
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On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页.docx
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OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners12页
OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners
1.Introduction
1.1Definitionofslipsofthetongue
Slipsofthetonguearecommonandfrequentlyinterestingphonicerrors.MaybewearenotsurethatW.A.Spooner(1844-1930)isthefirstpersontomakesuchmistakes,buthewaswellknownforaword“Spoonerism”(AppendixI),whichisthefamouswordtodescribethephenomenonofslipsofthetongueintheearlytime.Healwaysmademistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Forexample,heoncesaid‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-warmedfishinourhearts’,whichheintendedtosay‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-formedwishinourhearts’.Peoplearoundhimfoundthathealwaysmadesuchmistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Therefore,peoplewhoanalyzedW.A.Spooner’speakingbehaviorfeltinterestinganddescribedthisphenomenonas‘Spoonerism’,andthemeaningofthiswordindictionaryisthetranspositionoftheinitialconsonantsorconsonantclustersofapairofwords,oftenresultinginanamusingambiguityofmeaning,suchas“hushmybrat”for“brushmyhat”(CollinsEnglishDictionary,21stCenturyEdition).
Dell(1986)definedslipsoftongueas‘unintended,nonhabitualdeviationsfromaspeechplan’inhisbookSpreadingActivationTheoryRetrievalinSentenceProductionPsychologicalReview(Dell,1986:
284).Fromthis,wecanfindtwostandardsforthecharacteristicsoftheslipsoftongue:
thefirstoneisthattheremustbeerrors,andthesecondoneisthattheerrorscanbecorrected.So,whenaconversationisover,peoplealwaysknownothingaboutwhattheyhavesaidandtakelittlecareabouttheirslipsofthetongue. Freud(1901)wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors.Andwecallhistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.InhisbookPsychopathologyofEverydayLife,hepointedoutthatspeechdisturbancemaybecausedthroughtheinfluenceoffore-sounds,after-sounds,wordsfromthesamesentencethatwereintendedforexpression,aswellasthroughtheeffectofwordsoutsidethesentenceintended,thestimulusofwhichwouldotherwisenothavebeensuspected(SigmundFreud,1901).
Also,peopleattachmoreandmoreimportancetoslipsofthetongueinChina.ZhangChunchao,afamouslinguist,believedthatthespeechisplannedinadvance,sothespeecherroriscontributedtolinguisticsmechanismratherthanthemotivationofconsciousnessinhisworkThePhenomenonofSlipsofTheTongue,Types,Causes,Solutions.
Aswetalk,weunconsciouslymakemorekindsoflittleerrorsthanweprobablythinkwedo.Usuallyweeitherdon’tnoticethematallorwegobackandcorrectthemsoquicklythatwewillstillcommittheerrorsontheotheroccasions.
1.2ThecurrentsituationofaverageChineseEnglish-learners
EvenforusuniversitystudentswhohavealreadystudiedEnglishfornearlyeightyears,itisstilldifficultforustospeakoutwhatwereallywanttosay.Indailylife,it’sverycommontohearChinesestudents’slipsoftongue,especiallywhenthestudentsarecommunicatingwitheachotherafterclass.However,withoutothers’correction,theycouldtendtocorrectatonceifrealizingit.
Severaldaysago,ImetoneofmyforeignfriendsinXihuEnglishCorner.Whenheaskedmewhentoleave,Ireplied“Iwillleft(leave)soon”.Ofcourse,Iknewthegrammar,butIdidn’tknowhowtheword“left”cameout.
Thiskindofphenomenonoccursalmosteverywhere—inEnglishlessons,Englishcorners,andsoon.Therefore,wemightinferthatnearlyallChineseEnglishlearnershavetheproblemoftheslipsoftongue,andthesufficientsolutionsoftheslipsoftongueshouldbeprovidedtothepublictoarisetheChineseEnglishlearners’awareness,withtheaimofimprovingtheChineseEnglishlearners’Englishlevel.
2.TheReasonsThatCauseSlipsoftheTongue
2.1InfluenceofPsychology
Weallexperiencethephenomenonofslipsofthetongue,whenweareexcited,confused,happyandsadorinterruptedbysomeotherthings.Wemightknowthattheeyesarethewindowofourheart,similarly,andthemouthcanalsotobeamirrorofourthought.Freud(1901)wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors,andwecallthistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.Inourdailylife,someslipsofthetonguearealwayscausedpsychologicallyandalwayscanreflectourintentions,wishes,motivations,emotionsandsoon.Takemyexperienceforexample,lastweek,ImetoneofmyfriendsElsaonWenyiRoad.Whensheaskedm
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