语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案.docx
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语言学 Chapter4 课后练习答案.docx
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语言学Chapter4课后练习答案
Chapter4RevisionExercises
1.Whatissyntax?
Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.
2.Whatisphrasestructurerule?
Thegrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelements(i.e.specifiers,heads,andcomplements)thatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.
ThephrasestructuralruleforNP,VP,AP,andPPcanbewrittenasfollows:
NP→(Det)N(PP)...
VP→(Qual)V(NP)...
AP→(Deg)A(PP)...
PP→(Deg)P(NP)...
WecanformulateasinglegeneralphrasalstructuralruleinwhichXstandsfortheheadN,V,AorP.
TheXPrule:
XP→(specifier)X(complement)
3.Whatiscategory?
Howtodetermineaword’scategory?
Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.
Todetermineaword'scategory,threecriteriaareusuallyemployed,namelymeaning,inflectionanddistribution.Themostreliableofdeterminingaword’scategoryisitsdistribution.
4.Whatiscoordinatestructureandwhatpropertiesdoesithave?
Thestructureformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctioniscalledcoordinatestructure.
Ithasfourimportantproperties:
1)thereisnolimitonthenumberofcoordinatedcategoriesthatcanappearpriortotheconjunction.
2)acategoryatanylevel(aheadoranentireXP)canbecoordinated.
3)coordinatedcategoriesmustbeofthesametype.
4)thecategorytypeofthecoordinatephraseisidenticaltothecategorytypeoftheelementsbeingconjoined.
5.Whatelementsdoesaphrasecontainandwhatroledoeseachelementplay?
Aphraseusuallycontainsthefollowingelements:
head,specifierandcomplement.Sometimesitalsocontainsanotherkindofelementtermedmodifier.
Theroleeachelementcanplay:
Head:
Headisthewordaroundwhichaphraseisformed.
Specifier:
Specifierhasbothspecialsemanticandsyntacticroles.Semantically,ithelpstomakemoreprecisethemeaningofthehead.Syntactically,ittypicallymarksaphraseboundary.
Complement:
Complementsarethemselvesphrasesandprovideinformationaboutentitiesandlocationswhoseexistenceisimpliedbythemeaningofthehead.
Modifier:
Modifiersspecifyoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesoftheheads.
6.Whatisdeepstructureandwhatissurfacestructure?
Therearetwolevelsofsyntacticstructure.Thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationproperties,iscalleddeepstructure(orD-structure).Thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations,iscalledsurfacestructure(orS-structure).
7.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.
a)Theoldladygotoffthebuscarefully.
DetANVPDetNAdv
b)Thecarsuddenlycrashedontotheriverbank.
DetNAdvVPDetN
c)Theblindingsnowstormmightdelaytheopeningoftheschools.
DetANAuxVDetNPDetN
d)Thisclothfeelsquitesoft.
DetNVDegA
8.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeachphrase.
a)richinminerals
AP
APP
richinminerals
b)oftenreaddetectivestories
VP
QualVNP
oftenreaddetectivestories
c)theargumentagainsttheproposals
NP
DetNPP
theargumentagainsttheproposals
d)alreadyabovethewindow
PP
DegPNP
alreadyabovethewindow
9.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentences,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreesentences.
a)Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution.
Modifiers:
crippled(AdjP),withextremecaution(PP)
S
NPInflVP
AP
DetANPstVNP
DetNPP
PNP
APN
A
Acrippledpassengerlandedtheairplanewithextremecaution
b)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.
Modifiers:
huge(AdjP),intheblacksky(PP)
S
NPInflVP
DetAPNPstVPP
APNP
DetAPN
Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky
c)Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday.
Modifiers:
carefully(AdvP),yesterday(AdvP)
S
NPInflVP
DetNPstVNPAdvP
DetNAdvPAdv
Adv
Themanexaminedhiscarcarefullyyesterday
d)Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm.
Modifiers:
wooden(AdjP),inthestorm(PP)
S
NPInflVP
DetAPNPPPstVPP
APNPPNP
DetNDetN
Awoodenhutnearthelakecollapsedinthestorm
10.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.
a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.
S
NPInflVP
NVNP
DetAPNConN
A
Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants
b)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.
S
NPInflVP
NPstVPPConVPP
PNPP
DetN
Helenputonherclothesandwentout
c)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.
S
NPInflVP
NPreVAPConAP
APPAPP
PNPPNP
NN
Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics
11.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.
a)YouknowthatIhatewar.
S
NPInflVP
NPreVNP
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPNPreVNP
N
YouknowthatIhatewar
b)GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.
S
NPInflVP
NPreVNP
DetNCP-
CS
NPInflVP
NPNPstVNP
DetAPN
A
GerrybelievesthefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam
c)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.
S
NPInflVP
NPstVAP
ACP
CS
NPNPInflVP
DetNPstVNP
NDetN
ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRoll-Royce
d)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.
S
NPInflVP
DetNPstVPP
PCP
CS
NPInflVP
NPluVNP
N
Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings
12.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureforeachofthesesentences.
a)Theessaythathewrotewasexcellent.
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPstVAP
CSAuxA
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
N
Theessayhewrotethatwasexcellent
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPstVAP
CSAuxA
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
N
Theessaythathewroteewasexcellent
b)Herbertboughtahousethatsheloved.
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
DetNCP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
N
Herbertboughtahouseshelovedthat
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
DetNCP
CS
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
N
Herbertboughtahousethatshelovede
c)Thegirlwhomheadoresmajorsinlinguistics.
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPreVPP
CSPNP
NPInflVPN
NPreVNP
N
Thegirlheadoreswhommajorsinlinguistics
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
DetNCPPreVPP
NPCSPNP
NPInflVPN
NNPreVNP
N
Thegirlwhomheadoresemajorsinlinguistics
13.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructureofeachsentence.
a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NAuxVAdvP
Adv
Youwouldcometomorrow
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
InflNPInflVP
AuxNAuxVAdvP
Adv
WouldYouecometomorrow
b)WhatdidHelenbringtotheparty?
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
NPP
PDetNP
N
Helendidbringwhattotheparty
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflNPInflVP
NPstNPstVNP
NPP
PDetNP
N
WhatdidHelenebringetotheparty
c)Whobrokethewindow?
DeepStructure:
CP
CS
NPInflVP
NPstVNP
DetN
Whobrokethewindow
SurfaceStructure:
CP
CS
NPNPInflVP
NNPstVNP
DetN
Whoebrokethewindow
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